Animal Testing A Necessary Evil - 1486 Words

A Necessary Evil, â€Å"Animal Testing† The word â€Å"animal testing† refers to any experiments or actions performed on living animals for purposes of investigation into basic biology and diseases, assessing the effectiveness of new medicinal products, and testing the human health and environmental safety of consumer and any pharmaceuticals. It is true that animal test tends to be essential to most of the fields related to human body. Since the procedures of the test have a high potential to cause physical and as well as psychological harm to the subject animals, animal test has been a controversial issue for a long time. As the industry grew more and more throughout the nineteenth century, the number of animals used in tests increased along with the number of tests themselves. This fast increase in animal testing resulted in the development of numerous agencies aimed at stopping animal testing while also sharing their sentiment with the greater public [1]. As time went by, the rift between the supportive side of a nimal test and the opposing side continually deepened and even now still there’s no such a distinctive common ground have found. Not just because I am pursuing biomedical engineering study, such experiment on animals for ensuring human’s good seem to be a necessary evil for me. Even though I agree with that each experiment should avoid unnecessary harm on the animals and minimize their suffering, I can’t deny that the use of animals for test is inevitable. Before takeShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Is Morally Wrong? Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesHumans are animals, and as such it is morally wrong to use them to test pharmaceuticals intended for use by humans. Those who support animal experimentation believe it is a necessary evil, in part due to the false information put out by the media. The so-called benefits of animal testing have not helped humans for years, yet in many countries the law still requires researchers use animals to test their medications. In f act, although alternatives have been found, few steps have been taken to put anRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Morally Wrong? Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesSeeing as humans are animals it is morally wrong to use animals to test human products. Due to the false information put out by the media, those who support animal believe what the media states about it being a necessary evil. The so-called benefits from animal testing have not helped humans for years, but is now legally required in many countries. Although alternatives have been found, few steps have been taken to put an end to animal experimentation. The way activists present their argument isRead MoreEssay about Experimentation on Animals is Ethical and Necessary728 Words   |  3 PagesExperimentation on Animals is Ethical and Necessary How is it that ensuring the safety of human lives can be perceived as immoral? It is difficult to understand that some people are more concerned with an animal’s quality of life rather than their own or a loved one’s. It is true that some experiments used to insure human safety may inflict pain upon animals, but how can it be that some people value the comfort of an animal over that of a human life. Vivisection is the experimentation on animals subjectsRead MoreThe Meaning of Evil Behind Animals Rights Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Melanie Tucker January 31st, 2012 The Meaning of The Evil Behind Animal Rights The text called, The Evil of Animal â€Å"Rights†, written by Alex Epstein and Yaron Brook, explains why animal testing is important and what animal activist groups have done to keep the testing from occurring. They explain the necessity of animal testing for man kind. The cures of different diseases and cancers, could all be created with the testing on animals-mostly rats and mice. The companies and labs doing theseRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing822 Words   |  4 Pagesof the animals that are commonly tested on for biomedical purposes as stated by the Humane Society. In the topic of using animals for biomedical research there are two definitive sides. Those opposed to animal testing state that it is unacceptable and unnecessary due to the fact that it only leads to the torture and death of millions of animals. Those supporting this animal testing believe that it is a key benefactor to advances in the medicinal industry. Animal testing is the necessary evil that helpsRead MoreEssay about Negative Aspects of Animal Testing1257 Words   |  6 PagesAn Evil Science: ANIMALS IN RESEARCH Dating back to ancient times, animals have been used in research to advance biomedical sciences. However, the ways the human race can exploit these living creatures are absolutely evil. The main concern animal rights advocates have are not concerned with the idea of using animals in research but the way people can torture these animals. The twentieth century has witnessed some of the cruelest acts of violence in the laboratory but it has also seen the riseRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing748 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Testing, what is it? On dictionary.com the definition for animal testing is, â€Å"noun; The use of non-human animals in research and development projects, esp. for purposes of determining the safety of substances such as foods or drugs† So what does that tell us? That Animal testing is okay, and a good thing for scientific research, right? Well in some cases, using lab rats is for a good cause, to test things out and see what’s cures what, but companies such as Loreal, L’Orà ©al, Maybelline, WindexRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing Ethics646 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Testing Ethics Is animal testing right or wrong? No one has really answered that so far. Everyone has their own opinion about it. I personally think that if we are not abusing the testing it should be allowed. I dont think it is necessary to test animals for every little thing that goes on the market but sure why not when it relates to a life or death thing like cancer. How else would we make sure the medications wouldn’t kill us? Safety tests are conductedRead More Animal Experimentation: A vital role in medical reasearch Essay1035 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal experimentation has been and will continue to be a source in scientific research. Similarities between animals and humans allow for researchers to provide safer drugs and new treatments for diseases. (Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR), 2008). Animal experiments have provided many positive outcomes in medical advancements that save human and animal lives. However, many people in today’s society have an emotional attachment to animals which fuels opposition to animal experimentationRead MoreArguments Against Animal Testing1157 Words   |  5 PagesWhat comes to mind when thinking about animal experimentation? Thoughts of innocent, lovable animals being stabbed with sharp needles? Well, that is not exactly the case, as animal experimentation plays a very important role in human health today. However, the idea of animals testing has b ecome quite a controversial topic. Over the past few decades, there has been an extensive debate over the use of animals in medical and product testing. The majority of people seem to think that it is an unnecessary

Galileo vs. The Bible Essay - 707 Words

Galileo vs. The Bible Religion and science have always been conflicting studies. Religion, being based on faith, relies on the supernatural to explain life and being. Science, on the other hand, cannot do this. Scientists need to eliminate the possibility of the unexplainable in order to maintain and control group by which to measure other groups. The unexplainable I refer to are the miracles that are commonplace in all supernatural religions. Galileo lived in a time where church was state. The land was ruled according to the words of the bible, and anyone in opposition would be in contempt. Galileos scientific findings were therefore strongly shunned by the church. In 1615 Galileo attempted to explain how these findings came to be†¦show more content†¦Galileo also argues that the same God that gave us senses, reason, and intellect would not give us answers to questions that could be solved using them. He feels this is even truer with sciences such as astronomy, where so little of which is found in the Bible, pointing to the fact that the only other planet even mentioned is Venus. Continuing, he argues that since the Bible doesnt seem to answer the questions of the shape of Heaven or its location in relation to the Earth, why would it state the matter of an earth-centered universe. Quoting a high-ranked priest, he states: That the intention of the Holy Ghost is to teach us how one goes to heaven, not how heaven goes. Towards the conclusion of Galileos letter he offers an argument of truths. The argument basically states this: if the truth of the Bible conflicts with the truth of fact, and two truths cannot contradict, then one or the other is wrong. Since the truth of fact cannot be wrong, except for ignorance, then the scientific interpretations found in the Bible may therefore be in err. Galileos doesnt exactly feel that the Bible is wrong, he is just providing one more argument towards the difference in science and the Bible. The errors themselves, he states, are most likely due to the inability to affirm that allShow MoreRelatedEssay on Science and Relgion1232 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the scientific revolution many religious issues were taken up. One was the issue of the earth being the center of the Universe, which the Christian doctrine held up as the truth. Through the work of astronomers like Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo, much was learned about our universe. One thing that was lea rned was that the earth revolved around the Sun, along with all the other planets of our solar system. Also it was learned that the sun is only one star among hundreds of billions of otherRead MoreModern vs. Pre-modern Essay example1064 Words   |  5 PagesModern vs. Pre-modern There is one simple way to classify the difference between the modern and the pre-modern, and that would be to separate them by years. Unfortunately this would not be cut and dried; it would be a rough estimate because no one really knows when the change took place, or if there even was a change. What is known for sure is that things did change. The â€Å"â€Å"moderns† (became) set against â€Å"ancient† modes of thought and practice† (Shapin, p. 5), and this led to a so-called scientificRead MoreClash Between God And Science Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagesmuch it has impacted human life. Science and biblical text have clashed since the era of Isaac Newton and Galileo. Biblical text and science disagree in many aspects, but people are able to pick sides on what he or she truly believes. Three instances of when Science and biblical text do not agree is the ideas of Adam and Eve vs. evolution, the flooding of the earth, and finally scientific law vs. miracles performed by Jesus Christ. The first instance of when biblical text and science do not agreeRead MoreConflicting Ideologies : Religion Vs. Science1713 Words   |  7 PagesMeyer 1 Eric Meyer Mr. Hensley AP 11 English Per. 3 3 February 2015 Conflicting Ideologies: Religion vs. Science in the Search for the Truth The vast majority of the world’s population is religious, with 84% affirming their belief in at least one god. Globally, 32% identify as Christian, 23% as Muslim, and 15% as Hindu (Langer), and 83% of all people in the United States associate with one denomination of Christianity or another (Harper). Nearly all people of faith claim that their religious ideologiesRead MoreCreation vs. Evolution Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagesfeasible answer to the origins of the universe than the evolution theory does. Creation has the backings of the Bible, an extraordinarily credible book; where evolution provides a theory with many holes in it. Too frequently the Bible is considered a weak argument, but why? When using the Bible as a reference for any argument, the accuracy of the Bible is quickly questioned. The Bible, in fact, is actually one of the most proven books in history. The Old Testament is quoted in several ancient NearRead MoreThe Effects Of Clinical Depression On An Individual s Dreaming1485 Words   |  6 Pagesscientists, from Copernicus to Galileo to Newton believed (as did almost all Christians in their time) in a literal interpretation of the Bible s account of Creation. An important event in the history of this conflict occurred in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925. John Scopes, a high school biology teacher was on trial for contravening the state s Butler Act law. That legislation forbade the teaching of any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach insteadRead MoreEvolution Vs. Creation Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagespioneered modern science believe in th e existence of God, and while studying science they sought to discover the universe God Has created, to see his laws and the details of His creation. Scientists such as Leonardo Da Vinchi, Copernicus, Keppler, Galileo, Cuvier, Linnaeus and Isaac Newton all studied science by faith. They believed in the existence of God and that the whole universe came into existence by his creation. And last but not least, probably considered to be the most intelligent genius ofRead MoreThe Heliocentric Theory vs. The Catholic Church Essay2163 Words   |  9 PagesThe Heliocentric Theory vs. The Catholic Church We view the world today as the Earth and planets revolving around the Sun. Naturally, this always wasnt the case. Aristotle created a model in which since God created the Earth and man, therefore everything should revolve around us, creating a geocentric model of the known universe. This model was widely accepted by the people, as well as the Church, since the theory was God-centered. It wasnt untilRead MoreWill Science And Religion Ever Reconcile?1920 Words   |  8 Pagesprinciples of its religion. Scientists had to carefully navigate the Church to avoid prosecution for heresy. Galileo Galilei, himself a dedicated Christian, inspired vigorous opposition from the Church. He worked between the 16th and 17th Centuries and championed Copernicus’ theory of heliocentrism, which placed the Sun at the centre of the universe instead of the Earth, despite the Bible stating ‘the Lord set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved’ . A principle such as his, acceptedRead MoreReligious Groups Responses On Science Groups1511 Words   |  7 PagesOluwatosin Adegbonmire Leh 355-A03W Prof Telliel 5/26/16 Religion Vs Science Research Topic: Religious groups responses on science group theories on how the world was formed in the modern era. In this essay, we are going to focus on religious group responses to science group theories on how the world was formed in the modern era. We see there has always being a conflict between religion and science groups, because they both believe in different ways on how

Analysis Of Milhouse Mussolini Van Houten - 1743 Words

PSYCH 6123 Assignment #1: Comprehensive Assessment Process Yorkville University Character Summary Milhouse Mussolini Van Houten is a student at Springfield Elementary school and he is currently in grade four. He lives in a town called Springfield and his Father worked at the local cracker factory until he was recently fired. His parents are Kirk and Luanne Van Houten and they have a strained relationship that resulted in their current seperation. Luanne’s Father owned the cracker factory that Kirk worked at until he was fired. As of this current month, Kirk is living in an apartment separate from Luanne and Milhouse but he spends his weekends with Milhouse. Milhouse refers to his Father as a â€Å"loser† and seems to have more of†¦show more content†¦He also struggles with relationships with his classmates and has trouble interpreting the social-emotional aspects of his life. He has failed at many friendships and often gets frustrated with his inability to establish and maintain true relationships that contribute to his self-awareness, se lf-management and responsible decisions. Informal Assessment As a counselor, it is expected that the results of the assessments completed in order to extract information that can impact or direct the therapeutic programming for the client. The purpose of informal assessment is to allow the counsellor to better understand the needs of the client and identify the client’s willingness and readiness for change. It is the duty of the counsellor to know their client and choose an appropriate assessment that their client will understand (France, Rodriguez Hett, 2013). It is important that early in the initial interview process, the client identifies their goals and the counsellor determines where they are on the stages of change model. This model consists of a continuum with six marks; pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and termination (Gersten, 2013). Milhouse is in the contemplation stage as he is ready to make a change. He has identified two goals that he would like to work on which include making friends and he would like to stop feeling like he can’t succeed. His parents have recognized that their son struggles with

Knowledge, Understanding and Skills in Literacy, Numeracy...

UNIT 303 How my knowledge, understanding and skills in Literacy, Numeracy and ICT impacts on my practice. In this assignment, I am going to describe how my knowledge and understanding and skills in Literacy, Numeracy and ICT help and impacts on my teaching assistant role at my school. All teachers and their assistants are required to have the literacy, numeracy and ICT knowledge, understanding and personal skills. This will equip us to develop inclusive approaches to addressing the literacy, numeracy and ICT needs of our pupils. I believe I know how to find information from books and know how to use the Internet efficiently to provide me with a good background idea. I often take notes to help me be ahead of the lesson or to†¦show more content†¦I also support lower ability group in their phonics lesson, I prepare daily activities for this sessions and provide progress report to the teacher on weekly basis. I play games with the children, use visual strategies and revise with them all the time to extend their phonics basics. I also do weekly spelling tests in groups and keep records of their progress in spelling area of Literacy. I regards to Numeracy sessions, again they often run similarly to Literacy lessons, where I get to prepare appropriate maths resources and organize the group work or work with certain individuals. I often need to repeat teacher’s instructions to re-enforce what pupils should be able to achieve and maybe introduce follow-on tasks to extend learning of the more able pupils. I feel, I still have a lot to learn in Numeracy department, partly due to the fact that I was not educated in the UK and the strategies for some mathematical activities are solved very differently here that I would had been used to. Luckily in Year 1 I can catch up fairly quickly and I am learning along side our children. I can pick right resources for their activities – like number lines, numbers squares, counter and on. I am fairly confident computer user and I use it in every day activities or planning time. Our children use ICT suite facilities on weekly basis and I have found that myShow MoreRelatedPlanning and Practicing Embedded Approaches to Raise Learner Achievement2271 Words   |  10 Pagesbasic skills within the UK was highlighted in 1999 when an international study found that 22% of British people were functionally illiterate. Furthermore the government commissioned the Moser report (1999), which suggested that â€Å"something like one in five adults in this country is not functionally literate and far more people have problems with numeracy† (Petty, 2009, p.536). The report outlined that language, literacy and numeracy skills (LLN) needed to be embedded within all teaching practice. TheRead MoreASSESSING LEARNERS IN LIFELONG LEARNING7015 Words   |  29 Pagesby which a learner’s skills and knowledge are reviewed in order to evaluate what they have learnt or in the case o f NVQs, how they are performing against the competencies they are required to demonstrate. I see classroom assessment as having four main purposes. The first three include: Diagnostic or needs assessment purpose: To determine what students already know so teachers can decide the topics and approaches to use. Formative purpose for teacher: To assess student knowledge or performance on someRead MoreEffective Learning And Quality Teaching Practices2294 Words   |  10 PagesFor any business society, it’s imperative to have a population which is both literate and numerate since these skills equip the children with necessary attributes which enable them to create a place for themselves in this modern world.(Bynner, 2007) Nowadays, it’s a commonly accepted fact that the students having good literacy and numeracy skills possess a positive attitude towards themselves and school and moreover, they do further studies and grow into effective and employed adults.(Williams, 2003)Read MoreDTTLS Assignments5208 Words   |  21 PagesDTTLS Essay 4. Subject Knowledge and Understanding ↠ Demonstrate an understanding of the skills in literacy, numeracy and ICT which underpin your subject specialism. What skills (and levels) in these areas do your learners need?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Skills: Literacy – to read English for handouts. Spoken – to understand English and follow verbal instructions, to understand feedback and give tutor information re: progress. Written – to complete enrolment forms, health forms, learning aimsRead MoreEnabling Learning and Assessment Essay3396 Words   |  14 Pages Essay: How assessment and feedback fit into my own teaching practice 4 3. Report on two assessment activities 10 4. Report’s support documentation 12 5. Observation of one assessment activity 13 6. Reflective account 14 7. References 16 1. Introduction The aim of this unit is to reflect upon, justify and evaluate my own assessment methods and decisions in my specialist area, which is Employability Skills. Firstly, I will write an essay on which IRead MoreArinze Nwagwu Essay3828 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿ DTLLS UNIT 7 Assignment 1 2 Curriculum Development for Inclusive Practice ARINZE NWAGWU Content Pages The contexts in which education and training are provided 3 - 6 In the lifelong learning sector Theories, Principles and Models of Curriculum Design on Inclusive learning and 7- 11 Teaching in our learning environment. References 12 1. Understand contexts in which education andRead MorePtlls Unit 0022409 Words   |  10 PagesUnit 002: Understanding inclusive learning and teaching in lifelong learning Introduction The focus of this assignment is the key factors that influence inclusive teaching and learning and how it is incorporated into my specialist subject area. It is likely that you will be teaching a diverse group of students – from various backgrounds, with differing levels of prior learning and expectations, as well as different learning needs. Taking an inclusive approach when teaching will help to ensureRead MoreSupporting Learning Activities and Assessment for Learning4570 Words   |  19 Pagesinvolved in. The teacher may put some time aside to discuss each week’s activities with the teaching assistant, this would normally allow for any suggestions to be made on how to improve or change things, teaching assistants should have a clear understanding of the learning objective for each activity and know what they should be doing to help the children to achieve this. Delivering Teaching assistant should be a lot more actively involved in delivering the learning activities. This may be by settingRead MoreA Study On Rites Of Passage1803 Words   |  8 Pagesyear eight scheme of work on rites of passage, noting the process of creation from start to completion. It will detail what I have taken into account when choosing the content and learning outcomes; address the incorporation of key skills such as ICT, numeracy and literacy; clarify why some of the learning activities and resources I have utilised were chosen; illustrate how I intend to embrace differentiation; explain how assessment will encourage and monitor learning development. It was essentialRead MoreApplication Of Theories, Principles And Models Of Reflective Practice3309 Words   |  14 Pages1. Understand the application of theories, principles and models of reflective practice to continuing personal and professional development When evaluating theories, principles and models of reflective practice it is always useful to have a brief overview of the target subject. Continuing Personal and Professional Development (CPPD) refers to the development of an individual in their professional work life. In essence it can be compared to a journey, with a point of origin and an end point, within

Chronic Disease In St Lucia Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(67) " affects people worldwide and is one of the oldest diseases known\." Chronic disease is a disease of a long continuance and by and large slow patterned advance ( WHO, 2010 ) . The U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on Chronic Disease In St Lucia Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now National Center for Health Statistics states that a chronic disease is one enduring 3 months or more. These chronic diseases usually can non be prevented by vaccinums or cured by medicine, nor do they merely disappear. Chronic diseases are chiefly caused by three major hazard factors – baccy usage, hapless eating wonts and physical inaction. Majority of these hazard factors are themselves worsened by hapless socioeconomic determiners, such as deficiency of instruction and poorness. Most frequently these determiners are a indicant of the chief forces driving societal, economic and cultural passage, including globalization, urbanization and an ageing populations. Chronic diseases are impacting population wellness as the epidemiological passage advancements and are the lead cause of mortality worldwide and pose increasing jobs for the load of disease and quality of life in developed and developing states ( WHO, 2003 ) . Non catching diseases include a wide scope of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, malignant neoplastic diseases, chronic respiratory disease, mental-health jobs and musculo- skeletal upsets. The first four mentioned above history for about 50 % of mortality globally, and portion behavioral hazard factors, such as extra Calorie ingestion, diets high in saturated and transfatty acids, inordinate consumption of intoxicant, physical inaction, and baccy smoke. Approximately 35 million people have died from bosom disease, shot, malignant neoplastic disease and other chronic diseases in the twelvemonth 2005. The loads of these diseases are every bit shared among work forces and adult females, and are more prevailin g in people under the age 70 ( WHO, 2004 ) . 80 % of chronic disease deceases occur in low and in-between income states. Figure 1: Global distribution of entire deceases ( 58 million ) by cause in 2005. The age-specific decease rates between the old ages 2005 – 2015 are projected to fluctuate somewhat, Nevertheless, the ageing populations will ensue in an overall addition in chronic disease decease rates for all ages combined. In 2005, all chronic diseases account for 72 % of the entire planetary load of disease in the population aged 30 old ages and older. The entire lost old ages of healthy life due to chronic diseases, as measured by DALYs, are greater in grownups aged 30-59 old ages than for ages 60 old ages and older. More than 80 % of the load of chronic diseases occurs in people under the age of 70 old ages. Table 1: Projected planetary deceases and load of disease due to chronic disease by age 2005- 2015 Deaths ( Million ) DALYs ( 1000000s ) Deaths per 10000 DALYs per 100000 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 0-29 old ages 17 15 220 219 48 40 6320 5994 30-59 old ages 7 8 305 349 311 297 13304 13375 60-69 7 8 101 125 1911 1695 27965 26396 a†°?70 20 24 99 116 6467 6469 32457 31614 All ages 35 41 725 808 549 577 11262 11380 World Health Organization undertakings that, globally, NCD deceases will increase by 17 % over the following 10 old ages. The greatest addition of 27 % and 25 % severally will be seen in the African part and the Eastern Mediterranean part ( WHO, ) 1.2 Types of chronic diseases 1.2.1Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease CVD is the term used by the scientific community to encompass non merely conditions of the bosom [ ischaemic bosom disease ( IHD ) , valvular, muscular, and inborn bosom disease but besides high blood pressure and conditions affecting the cerebral, carotid, and peripheral circulation. The hazard of CVD is related to diet, physical activity, and organic structure ( ) . The forms of nutrient supplies and of nutrient and nutrition that modify the hazard of CVD are besides good known. Whereas CVD was one time mostly confined to high-income states, it is now the figure one cause of decease worldwide every bit good as in low- and middle-income states, where 80 per centum of the universe ‘s 13 million one-year CVD deceases occur. And at least 21 million old ages of disability-adjusted life old ages ( or DALYs, a step of future productive life ) are lost globally because of CVD each twelvemonth. The huge bulk of CVD can be attributed to conventional hazard factors such as baccy usage, high blood force per unit area, high blood glucose, lipid abnormalcies, fleshiness, and physical inaction. Cardiovascular diseases are major cause of chronic disease decease and were accounted for of 17 million deceases in 2002. It is estimated that by the twelvemonth 2030, 24 million will decease of CVD, of which 80 % will happen in low and in-between income states ( 5 ) . 1.2.2 Cancer Cancer is a major and turning disease load worldwide. The figure of new malignant neoplastic disease instances is projected to increase from 10 million in 2000 to 15 million in 2020, 9 million of which would be in developing states. The epidemiology of malignant neoplastic disease in developing states clearly differs from that in developed states in of import respects. While developed states frequently have comparatively high rates of lung, colorectal, chest, and prostate malignant neoplastic disease ( some of which is tied to tobacco usage, occupational carcinogens, and diet and lifestyle ) , up to 25 % of malignant neoplastic diseases in developing states is associated with chronic infections. Seven types of malignant neoplastic diseases account for about 60 per centum of all freshly diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease instances and malignant neoplastic disease deceases in developing states: cervical, liver, tummy, esophageal, lung, colorectal, and chest. 1.2.3 Respiratory Diseases Chronic grownup respiratory diseases-such as chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) and asthma-are a major and turning load in footings of morbidity and mortality in the underdeveloped universe. COPD ( which includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and clogging air passages disease ) is mostly linked with coffin nail smoke every bit good as exposure to unvented coal-burning cookery ranges ; it accounts for 2 per centum of lost DALYs on a world-wide footing. 1.2.4 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes affects people worldwide and is one of the oldest diseases known. You read "Chronic Disease In St Lucia Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" There are two common types of this disease: type 1and type 2 diabetes. Type-1 diabetes histories for 5-10 % of all diagnosed diabetes. Type-2 diabetes is the most common signifier of diabetes. It accounts for 90-95 % of diagnosed diabetes. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated the world-wide prevalence of diabetes in grownups to be around 173 million in 2002 and predicted that there will be at least 350 million people with Type 2 diabetes by 2030. At present about two-thirds of individuals with diabetes live in developing states and the bulk of new instances will arise from these countries. The planetary addition in the incidence of diabetes is related to high degrees of fleshiness associated with a alteration from traditional diets, decreasing degrees of physical activity, population ripening and increasing urbanisation. Diabetess Mellitus is the most prevailing signifier of diabetes on the planetary graduated table ( 6 ) . For the past few decennaries, Diabetes Mellitus has reached epidemic proportions in many parts of the universe. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) has predicted the planetary prevalence of all Diabetes will increase from 194 million in 2003 to 330 million in the twelvemonth 2030 ( 7 ) . 1.2.5 High blood pressure Another normally happening chronic disease is high blood pressure. High blood force per unit area increases the hazard of bosom disease and shot. Hypertension is sustained high blood force per unit area ( a†°?140/90mmHg ) . Blood force per unit area itself is the force per unit area exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vass. Each clip the bosom beats ( about 60-70 times a minute at remainder ) , it pumps blood into the arterias. Blood force per unit area is at its highest when the bosom beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic blood force per unit area. When the bosom is at remainder, between beats, blood force per unit area falls. This is diastolic force per unit area. Blood force per unit area itself is non harmful – it is indispensable as it is the force that drives blood through the blood vass to provide O and foods to the organic structure ‘s variety meats and tissues and transport off godforsaken stuffs. However, when blood force per unit area becomes excessively high it has detrimental effects on about every portion of the organic structure and can take to serious unwellness and decease. Hypertension is an of import public wellness challenge worldwide because of its prevalence and its function as a hazard factor for cardiovascular disease. Some of the hazard factors of high blood pressure include fleshiness, intoxicant, household history, and smoke. There are two types of high blood pressure, viz. primary high blood pressure and secondary high blood pressure. Primary high blood pressure is more common, happening in 90-95 % of the high blood pressure population. There is no identifiable cause and it develops bit by bit over many old ages. Secondary high blood pressure occurs in 5-10 % of the high blood pressure population. ( ) In the twelvemonth 2000 it was estimated that the entire figure of grownups with high blood pressure was 972 million. Of these, 333 million were estimated to be in developed states and 639 million in developing states ( 0 ) . Kearney PM et al. , predicted that by the twelvemonth 2025, the figure of people with high blood pressure will increase by about 60 % to a sum of 1.56 billion. ( Kearney PM et al. , 2005 ) the grounds are the go oning population addition and alterations in life style, which includes a diet high in sugar and high-fat processed nutrients and sedentarism. 1.3 Impact of chronic disease in the Caribbean Caribbean states are in epidemiological passage, where non merely nutritionary lacks have well declined but infective diseases have besides been vanishing. However, over the last 30 old ages, nutrition-related chronic non-communicable diseases have easy emerged as the major public wellness jobs. Non-communicable diseases ( NCDs ) have bit by bit displaced catching diseases in the Caribbean. Ratess of chronic non-communicable disease such as diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and malignant neoplastic disease have been increasing in the Caribbean and are the taking cause of mortality and mobility in the part ( Ragoobirsinghet al. , 1995, 2002 ; Wilkset al. , 1998, 1999 ; Figueroaet al. , 1999 ; Rotimi et al. , 1999 ; Cruickshanket al. , 2001, Figueroa, 2001 ; Sargeantet al. , 2001 ; Henniset al. , 2002a, B ; Corbinet al. , 2004 ; Wolfeet al. , 2006 ) . Of concern is the fact that while the prevalence and mortality rates of these diseases are highest in the aged, they are non restricted to any one age group. An estimated 10 % to 20 % of the Caribbean population over 20 old ages of age suffers from diabetes and high blood pressure, severally, with prevalence more than duplicating at older ages ( Hennis et al. , 2002a, B ) . High blood pressure and diabetes rank as the two taking chronic upsets among Caribbean populations and are besides major hazard factors for other diseases such as cerebrovascular disease ( shot ) and coronary bosom disease. Prevalence of chronic diseases in the Caribbean part over the base on balls 3 decennaries Another dramatic epidemic among the Caribbean population is the high prevalence of fleshy [ organic structure mass index ( BMI ) gt ; 25 kilogram ma?’2 ] and fleshiness ( BMI gt ; 30 kg ma?’2 ) . Approximately half of the grownup Caribbean population is fleshy and 25 % of big Caribbean adult females are corpulent ( Henry, 2004 ) . The intensifying tendency in fleshiness is considered to be a major causative factor in chronic disease prevalence in the part. The increasing fleshiness degrees, chiefly among adult females, possibly associated with the alterations in traditional diets and the acceptance of sedentary life styles. In some the islands more than half of big adult females are reported to be corpulent. Datas from Barbados highlights the importance of fleshiness as a hazard factor in chronic diseases. Based on available grounds, corpulent individuals, ( BMI gt ; 30 ) of 40-79 old ages had a 2.6 times greater hazard of high blood pressure than individuals with BM I lt ; 25, and corpulent adult females had 5.2 times the hazard of developing diabetes. It is estimated that cut downing fleshiness in the Barbadian population could cut down high blood pressure and diabetes by 30 % and 33 % severally. 1.4 Impact of chronic disease in St. Lucia St. Lucia has undergone a important demographic passage in the last 3 decennaries ( Wilks, et al. , 1998 ) . Some characteristics of this passage include the rise in the average age of the population from 20 old ages to 15 old ages between 1970 and 2010, the doubling of the proportion of individuals older than 60 old ages old from 5000 to over 17,000 and the addition in life anticipation at birth from less than 50 old ages in 1950 to greater than 73 old ages in 2010 ( World population prospectus, 2008 ) . As a consequence, the chief causes of unwellness and decease in St. Lucia and many other Caribbean islands and parts at a similar province of development are the chronic non-communicable diseases ( Sargeant et al. , 2001 ) . There is an increased prevalence of diet-related chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes and fleshiness. ( Wilks et al. , 1998 ) . Between 1992-1999 in St. Lucia, preventable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and circu lative systems accounted for 20.8 % of deceases, with the major causes being cerebrovascular disease, ischaemic bosom disease, and hypertensive disease. Other major causes of decease were malignant neoplastic diseases ( 14.5 % ) , disease of the digestive system ( 8.7 % ) , and diabetes ( 7.2 % ) ( 8 ) . Approximately 1,304 deceases were due to diseases of the circulatory system and was accounted for 33 % of all reported deceases, decease due to cerebrovascular was ( 35.9 % ) , hypertensive disease ( 14.8 % ) , and ischaemic bosom disease ( 13.6 % ) ( Health in America, 1998 ) . There were 731 deceases due to cardiovascular disease from 1996 to 1999, accounting for 19 % of all deceases and 53 % of deceases ratio of 5.8:1. Most ( 21 or 62 % ) occurred in the 15-44 old ages age group, and had a male-female ratio of 9.5:1. Cardiac apprehension caused 268 cardiovascular deceases ( 37 % ) , ischaemic bosom disease 174 ( 24 % ) , pneumonic circulation and other signifiers of bosom disease 134 ( 18 % ) , and bosom failure 153 ( 21 % ) . Females accounted for 359 ( 49 % ) of deceases due to cardiovascular disease, and individuals 60 old ages of age or older accounted for 588 deceases ( 80 % ) . ( WHO statistics ) . Based on PAHO statistic St. Lucia is the 10th taking island in the Caribbean with high rates of non- catching chronic disease, accounting for about 63 % . Over the old ages prevalence of non catching diseases have been increasing, in a study done by the Kairi advisers limited in association with the national appraisal squad of St. Lucia concluded the undermentioned findings for the twelvemonth 2005 to 2006 for the distribution of chronic disease in St. Lucia. Irrespective of per capita ingestion quintile, high blood force per unit area was the most prevailing lifestyle disease impacting individuals with diseases in St. Lucia. In every quintile group, it besides shows that the prevalence of diabetes ranks second to high blood force per unit area as a life clip disease impacting individuals with diseases in St. Lucia. In each of the quintile groups, more than three fifths of the individuals with diseases reported enduring from high blood force per unit area while more than one one-fourth reported enduring from diabetes. In the twelvemonth 2007 diabetes and Hypertension were the two the most permeant and declining wellness jobs confronting the island of St Lucia. The diseases afflict a wide swath of people, immature and old. St. Lucia has a population of about 160,000 thousand people, and of this 28.1 % of the population have abnormal blood glucose or high blood sugar and 8.1 % have diabetes ( Graven et al. , 2007 ) . 20 % of people over 40 old ages of age suffer with the disease ( the ministry of wellness 2007 ) . At least 35 % of those with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus do non cognize that they have the status ( The Ministry of Health, 2008 ) . In rural country of St. Lucia the proportion with undiagnosed diabetes is well higher ( St. Lucia Diabetic Society, 2008 ) . At the clip of diagnosing, every ten percent individual with diabetes has already developed one or more micro- or macro-vascular complications ( Ministry of Health, 2008 ) . Diabetess is among the taking cause of decease. If inadequately treated, diabetes can do sightlessness, kidney disease, nervus disease, amputations, bosom disease, and shot. Even painstaking and well-treated diabetics often suffer from these complications and have above-average medical costs. If observed, the Native St. Lucian has many barriers to wellness instruction, which fundamentally involves their civilization, life style, handiness and socio-economic position. For case, St. Lucian is presently sing a crisis of poorness. Peoples from lower socioeconomic position have poorer wellness than those in higher socioeconomic places. Assorted surveies have reported the relationship between low socioeconomic position and the development of chronic disease ( ( Lynch et al, 2000 ; Stelmach et Al, 2009 ; Supriya et Al, 2009 ) . Recent poorness appraisals in St. Lucia estimation that 18.7 % of families and 25 % of the population live in poorness. Income inequality is high, with 26 % of the population characterized as inveterate hapless ( MPDEH, 2003 ) . That same study estimated that a decennary subsequently in 2005/06 the poorness rate had increased to 28.8 % of the population ( Government of St. Lucia ( GOVST ) , The appraisal of Poverty volume1, 2006 ) .The highest poorness rates in2005/06 were in the territories of Anse La Raye/Canaries ( 44.9 % ) , Micoud ( 43.6 % ) , Soufriere ( 42.5 % ) and Laborie ( 42.1 % ) . The poorness spread and poorness badness besides occurred in these same territories ( GOVST, 2006 ) Furthermore, because of poorness and life in rural countries, most people consume less expensive and frequently high fat nutrients, and less fruits and veggies ( Henchy et al, 2000 ) . Brown et Al, ( 2005 ) described how socioeconomic place influences wellness among individuals with diabetes. Diabetes is twice more prevailing in low income populations compared to wealthy populations ( Stelmach W et Al ; 2009 ) . Some accounts for this increased hazard among people of low-income or resource-poor countries include increased emphasis, low entree to medical and preventative attention, and hapless environment. 1.5 Diet, nutrition and chronic diseases There are clear associations between the assorted biomedical and behavioral chronic disease hazard factors, and it is good established that diet quality and healthy feeding patterns play an of import function in both preventing and pull offing chronic diseases and the factors that increase their hazard ( Kant A.K, 2004 ) . The links with nutrient and nutritionary position are particularly strong in the instance of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and their hazard factors ( metabolic syndrome, fleshiness, high blood pressure and lipemia ) . The nutrient we eat, in all cultural choice, defines one ‘s wellness, growing and development. Hazard behaviors, peculiarly smoke and sedentarism, alter the consequence ( ) . All this takes topographic point in a societal, cultural, political and economic environment that can worsen the wellness of populations. Diet is a cardinal constituent in predisposing to chronic disease, chiefly where diet is energy dense doing positive energy balance and fleshiness. Adoption of western diet which are high in fats, aminal protein, refined saccharides and low in fiber, fruits and vegetable can farther increase one hazard of developing no of more chronic disease ( ) . Several surveies have demonstrated a prudent diet rich in fruits, veggies, fish and wholegrain to be associated with a diminution in chronic disease hazard such as diabetes ( Van Dam et al. , 2002 ; Anne-Helen Harding et al. , 2004 ) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates nutrient beginning are the most of import beginning of Calories for the universe ‘s population chiefly because of their low cost and broad handiness ( ) . Although Carbohydrates is easy accessible and widely eaten saccharide is a cardinal dietetic constituent impacting insulin secernment and postprandial glycemia and is implicated in the etiology of many chronic diseases ( Brand-Miller JC et al. , 2004 ) . Both the measure and type of saccharide eaten have effects on insulin secernment and postprandial glycemia. Foods with a rich glycemic index ( or glycemic burden ) produce high rates in blood glucose.A Diets including big measures of high GL nutrients increase the hazard of diabetes, chest malignant neoplastic disease, colorectal malignant neoplastic disease, endometrial malignant neoplastic disease, and overall chronic disease ( Barclay AW et al. , 2008 ) . Dietary fibers Epidemiologic grounds has shown that nutrients rich in fiber aid glycaemic control in diseases such as type 2 diabetic patients ( ) . A diet high in fiber helps in control blood sugar degrees in those with type 2 diabetes. It besides helps with colon wellness as the high fiber diet with smoothing the stool and facilitates to burden loss ( ) . Fats Dietary fat is one of the most influential foods in wellness. Fats has many maps in the human organic structure, Equally good as to supplying more than twice the energy supplied by saccharides and proteins and providing indispensable fatty acids, fats slows digestion of saccharides in order to fuel the encephalon he fats serve as bearers for fat soluble vitamins ( A, D, E and K ) and as parts of cell membranes ( ) . The overconsumption of fat, chiefly saturated fat, has been linked to six of the 10 prima causes of decease worldwide ( ) .Coronary bosom disease and malignant neoplastic disease ( ) .There is a strong nexus between dietetic fat ingestion and hazard of chronic diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease, such as colon, chest, prostate, and ovary malignant neoplastic disease ( ) . Several surveies over the past 30 old ages have verified the relationship of high dietetic fat intake with higher mortality due to assorted malignant neoplastic diseases ( ) . Some saturated fatty acids raise blood cholesterin degrees and, therefore, increase the hazard of coronary artery disease ( ) . High fat, consumption is a chief cause of fleshiness, high blood pressure, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and gall bladder disease ( ) . Surveies have show that states with higher per capita consumptions of fat, particularly carnal fat, have higher incidence rates of certain malignant neoplastic diseases, including chest, colon, prostate, and pancreas. [ 41 ] Migrational surveies show that when persons move from a state of low fat consumption to one of high fat consumption, the hazard of some malignant neoplastic diseases increases [ 42 ] . A Vitamins Vitamins are indispensable foods hey are required in little sums, but have of import and specific maps such as advancing growing, reproduction and the care of wellness. Nutritionally, they form a cohesive group of organic compounds that are required in the diet in little sums ( mcgs or mgs per twenty-four hours ) for the care of normal wellness and metabolic unity. They are therefore differentiated from the indispensable minerals and hint elements ( which are inorganic ) and from indispensable amino and fatty acids, which are required in larger sums. Vitamin lack nevertheless, may increase the hazard of chronic diseases ( ) . Suboptimal folic acid degrees, along with suboptimal degrees of vitamins B ( 6 ) and B ( 12 ) , are a hazard factor for cardiovascular disease, nervous tubing defects, and colon and chest malignant neoplastic disease ( ) and low degrees of the antioxidant vitamins ( vitamins A, E, and C ) may increase hazard for several chronic diseases. . Nutritional Passage There are now about 350 million corpulent and more than 1 billion fleshy people in the universe, populating in both developed and developing states. Previously, developing states grappled with undernutrition. Now many of these states like St. Lucia are in a transitional province and are covering with the twin immoralities of under- and over nutrition. In the Caribbean states between the 1970s and 1990s, the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased from 7 % in work forces and 20 % in adult females in the 1970s to 22 % in work forces and 58 % in adult females ( Ragoobirsingh D et al. , 2004 ) . The planetary prevalence of fleshy amongst preschool kids is estimated at 3.3 % . Within the Caribbean part and St. Lucia has one of the highest incidences for this age group with St. Lucia holding 2.5 % of the 0-5 yr. population ( De Onis M et al. , October 2000 ) .Obesity in kids and striplings is known to hold important impact on both physical and psychosocial wellness, these surging rates of fleshiness leads to an addition in lipemia, high blood pressure, insulin opposition and unnatural glucose tolerance subsequently in life ( Reilly et al. , 2003 ; Weiss et al. , 2004 ) . Urbanization, industrialisation and transmutation procedures have been the chief cause of this public wellness achievement. In modern civilizations, demographic factors interact with societal and economic factors and lead to alterations in the forms of wellness and diseases as hypothesized by Omran ‘s epidemiological passage theory in the early 1970s ( Orman et al. , 1971 ) . Omran ‘s theory describes the altering form of mortality from the predominant catching diseases to the emerging non-communicable diseases. In his survey, Omran defined three phases of epidemiological passage, i.e. ‘the age of plague and dearth ‘ , ‘the age of withdrawing pandemics ‘ , and ‘the age of degenerative and semisynthetic diseases ‘ ( Orman et al. , 1971 ) . 1.6 Dietary wonts of St. Lucians Food wonts reflect the plantation past: the typical diet contains a batch of starches, carnal protein content that varies by location, and until late, small in the manner of green veggies. Starches include assorted sorts of yams, taro, taro, bananas and plantains, Sweet murphies, manioc and Artocarpus communis. Most of these are boiled, served with some sort of boiled fish or meat, and accompanied by a sauce. Pepper ( pepper ) sauce is ever present at the tabular array, as most dishes are non prepared spicy hot. Animal protein beginnings reflect the historical scarceness of this component: porc Rhine wines, hog tail ( fresh and salted ) , chicken back, and saltfish, ( pod ) salted beef, fish ( tuna, winging fishing, ruddy center, barracuda, sharke, pilchards, doodly-squat fish ) . Most of the dishes are prepared with fats such as ; coconut oil, lards, xanthous butter. Equally much as St. Lucia has a broad assortment of fruit they are merely eaten Fruits such as ; Mangifera indicas, a ureate apple, papaia, Citrus paradisi, oranges, cherries, Anacardium occidentale, sugar apple ( love apple ) .Main dishes are accompanied by veggies such as, alligator pear, calaloo, Spinacia oleracea, tomatoes, okras, carrots, pigeon peas and lentils, Imported processed nutrients have been available for decennaries, but more late account for larger parts of many repasts. Foods such as pasta, rice, 1.7 Cause for chronic non-communicable diseases in St. Lucia Chronic diseases have legion hazard factors, which function at different degrees, from the most proximal ( i.e. biological ) , to the most distal ( i.e. structural ) . These hazard factors can be classified as ‘modifiable ‘ and ‘non-modifiable hazard factors ‘ . Modifiable determiners include factors that can be altered, such as single and community influences, life and on the job conditions and socio-cultural factors, non-modifiable determiners include those factors that are beyond the control of the person, such as age, sex and familial factors. 1.7.1 Biological factors Some populations are susceptible to chronic disease because of familial cistrons. In a south Africa a tribal group â€Å" Afrikanders † have been found to hold familial hypercholesteremia, a rare familial upset, characterised by really high low-density lipoprotein, cholesterin and early cardiovascular disease. ( Steyn K et al.,1996 ) . Familial and lifestyle factors are considered to be the chief subscribers in doing type 2 diabetes ( O’Rahilly et al ; 2005 ) . The familial make-up of a individual is every bit indispensable to the development of the disease but a individual life style and environmental factors can lend significantly. Some of the major lending factors include fleshy, abdominal fleshiness and physical inaction and to lesser extent intrauterine and early childhood factors ( Alberti et al, 2007 ) 1.7.2 Early life beginning The clip between intrauterine growing and the development is the most vulnerable period in the life rhythm and topographic points major physiological, metabolic and psychological demand on the female parent to back up the growing and the development of the foetus ( Allen, 2001 ) . Good growing and development is dependent on a sufficient supply of energy and foods. Under nutriment during gestation is linked with hapless gestation and neonatal results which can hold negative long term deductions for the baby such as a decrease in intelligence, growing upset, low unsusceptibility, increased morbidity, mortality and the development of a scope of diseases during maturity ( Rasmussen, 2001 ) It is proposed that type 2 diabetes consequences from comparative intrauterine malnutrition and the latter leads to lifelong scheduling ( Baker et al ; 1986 ) . Children with low birth weight are most likely to see growing restraint, whether due to intrauterine nutritionary limitation or familial sensitivity to low birth weight ; similar associations of low birth weight have been made for the development of diabetes ( Lindsay et al ; 2001 ) . Babies who are born low birth weight tend to turn fast after birth ‘catch-up growing ‘ , frequently become fleshy as immature kids. They are most likely to develop high blood force per unit area and unnatural blood glucose degree early in life, which future increase their hazard of developing chronic diseases, such as bosom disease and diabetes ( Barkeret al. , 1997 ) . The prevalence of Low Birth Weight ( LBW ) is about 6 and 9 % in the Caribbean. The association between low birth weight and grownup disease makes pressing the concer n of these high LBW prevalence rates in the Caribbean ( Henry ; 2000 ) . An under-nourishes kid is usually a smaller and shorter kid ( 0 ) Acrobatics is an indicant of long standing mal and under-nutrition and is frequently accompanied by fat deposition, peculiarly around the abdominal subdivision when faced with nutrient in copiousness. Predisposing persons to fleshiness in maturity. ( ) Similarly kids who are born to big female parent and are big for their gestational age are most likely to bring on insulin opposition and type 2 diabetes subsequently in life ( Bennett et al ; 2002 ) . In Jamaica kids shortness at birth and increased current weight are independent forecasters of insulin opposition ( Bennett et al ; 2002 ) . There is important sum of grounds, chiefly from developed states, that states intrauterine growing deceleration is connected with an increased hazard of coronary bosom disease, shot, diabetes and elevated blood force per unit area ( WHO, 2002 ; Godfrey et al. , 2000 ; Forse et al. , 2000 ) . It may be the form of growing, i.e. restricted foetal growing followed by really fast postpartum catch-up growing that is critical in the implicit in disease tracts. Likewise, big size at birth is besides associated with an increased hazard of diabetes and cardiovascular disease ( McCance DR et al. , 1996 ; Leon DA et al. , 1998 ) . Behavioural hazard factors ( lifestyle factors ) Lifestyles play an of import function in finding chronic diseases and lifestyle alterations are likely to be responsible for a important proportion of their addition over clip. 1.7.3 Poor diet Nutrition is a major modifiable determiner of chronic diseases, with scientific grounds back uping the position that alterations in diet have effects on wellness result of a individual. Non-communicable diseases are linked to high ingestion of energy dense nutrients, made of carnal beginning and of nutrients processed or prepared with added fat, sugar and salt. ( ) St. Lucia is undergoing rapid nutritionary passage ( Boyne, 2008 ) . There has been an addition of fast-food eating houses, and an increased in the ingestion of repasts high in fat, sugar, and salt and a decrease in the ingestion of cereals, grains, fruits, veggies, tubers, and leguminous plants ( Jacoby et al.,2008 ) . The increased ingestion of imported nutrients high in fat and Na has led to a diminution of the wellness position of people throughout the part, with an addition in wellness jobs such as fleshiness and diabetes ( Report from WHO, 2003 ) . 1.7.4 Physical inaction Physical inaction and sedentary life style is linked with increased degrees of fleshiness, chest malignant neoplastic disease, colon malignant neoplastic disease, osteoporosis, emphasis, anxiousness and depression ( Hardman et al. , 2001 ; Warburton et al. , 2001 ) , and one of the chief implicit in causes of mortality in the universe. 1.7.5 Smoke Smoke of baccy is one of the most modifiable hazard factors and preventable causes of decease in the universe. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) attributes to about 4 million deceases a twelvemonth to tobacco usage. It has been responsible for 22 % of cardiovascular diseases in industrialised states, and for the huge bulk of some malignant neoplastic diseases and chronic respiratory diseases ( WHO, 2002 ) . It is projected by the 2030 smoke will kill one in six people globally, if the present tendencies persist. ( WHO, 2002 ) . This anticipation of decease will include about 7 million people in developing states ( Mackay, WHO ; 2002 ) Smoke has been linked with premature mortality amongst users, with cardiovascular disease ( i.e. shot and bosom onslaught ) doing most deceases and is closely followed by chronic lung diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung malignant neoplastic disease. ( Bjartveit et al. , 2005 ) . Alcohol maltreatment is deemed to be the beginning of 8 % -18 % of the entire load of disease in work forces and 2 % -4 % in adult females. The Rate of smoking in among work forces in St. Lucia is at its highest therefore addition the hazard of chronic diseases. 1.8 Social determiners of wellness The societal determiners of wellness incorporate implicit in causes of wellness jobs which includes environmental factors, working position and lodging and life conditions and socio-cultural factors that have an consequence on the wellness of a population. These factors besides increase the hazard of an single developing non-communicable disease. 1.8.1 Urbanization and globalization Urbanization is a cardinal hazard factor in the development of non-communicable diseases epidemic, as the economic system grows and develops into a more ‘modernised ‘ society and the populations easy migrate from rural to urban countries. In St. Lucia, the per centum of people populating in urban countries has increased from 43.3 % in 1996 to 47.5 % in 2001, ( ) . Surveies have shown that urbanization leads to dietetic alterations towards acceptance of the alleged ‘western diet ‘ , which is high in carnal proteins, fat and sugar. ( 20 ) This is frequently accompanied by lifestyle alterations including intoxicant ingestion, coffin nail smoke and physical inaction increasing the population ‘s hazard for non-communicable diseases. ( 34 ) 1.8.2Environmental factors 1..8.3 Obesogenic environment The function of the media plays a really important function in advertisement, selling and advancing the ingestion of high energy dense nutrients and fast nutrients mercantile establishments with big part sizes. In a survey to place major beginnings of nutritionary information among urban Black South African adult females, found that telecasting was the most extremely believable beginning of information. This influenced nutrient picks based on gustatory sensation, household penchants and price.35 Other factors associated to hapless eating patterns include, easy entree to cheap unhealthy nutrients compared to the high monetary values of healthy nutrients. 1.8.4 Structural environmental factors Structural environmental factors include environmental factors that might move as an obstruction to take parting in physical activity, such as a deficiency of playing Fieldss, Parkss, proper pavements and exercising installations, every bit good as the being of offense and force on the streets. 1.8.5 Socio-cultural factors Beliefs and attitudes about organic structure image of some persons have been found to increase the hazard for developing non catching diseases. The belief that tenuity is associated with personal jobs and illness, particularly HIV and AIDS, seems to be a barrier to keeping normal organic structure weight in some persons ( ) . Attach toing beliefs about organic structure weight are socio-cultural factors related to nutrient consumption, which partially contributes to fleshiness in some persons. ( ) 1.9 The economic impact of chronic diseases in ST. Lucia Chronic diseases have had and continue to hold a major economic impact on persons, households, and the wellness system in St.Lucia ( ) . Since chronic diseases affect the immature and people in their productive old ages, they cut down productive labor and gaining capacity at a family degree. Treatment of chronic diseases puts much strain on the already overburdened wellness system, because of the extra resources required. The load is non merely on the wellness attention system but besides but besides indirectly causes loss of productiveness from the disable, absenteeism and early decease. Rationale Chronic diseases such as bosom disease, malignant neoplastic disease and diabetes negatively affect the general wellness position and quality of life of persons, and there is an absence in the literature of surveies looking at the wellness position of individuals in St. Lucia with chronic non-communicable diseases. It is against this background that this survey was undertaken. This survey is designed to research and reexamine the association between diet, lifestyle and chronic non-communicable disease in St. Lucia. This comprehensive systematic reappraisal seeks to analyze the association between diet, lifestyle and hazard of chronic disease among St. Lucians. Aims To analyse the form of chronic disease hazard factor distribution in a well defined population in St. Lucia To analyse or critically measure the 30 most normally nutrient eaten in St. Lucian To analyze dietetic forms, nutrient picks and wonts of St. Lucian To synthesise qualitative findings diet, lifestyle and chronic diseases Research Question The Prevalence and incidence of chronic diseases is really high in St. Lucia and is the chief cause of decease in the island. Does St. Lucian diet and lifestyle contribute to additions figure of chronic diseases in the state? Hypothesiss Null hypothesis: St. Lucian diet and life style has no direct impact on the prevalence of chronic diseases in St. Lucia Alternate hypothesis: St. Lucia diet and life style has an impact on the prevalence of chronic disease Chapter 2 2.0 Methodology . This research will be b? °N†¢ed on N†¢ecnd? °ry informations collected from assorted reliable beginnings and used to bring forth new informations as a footing for analysing the life style and 30 most normally eaten nutrients in St. Lucia in relation to chronic diseases. This type of research will non affect human topic. The literature hunt scheme is described in a drumhead in Figure. The information was taken from journal articles and published bkN†¢ . By definition, secondary research describes information gathered through literature, publication, broadcast media, and other non-human beginnings. Literature hunt scheme Figure 1 Literature hunt scheme and survey design The hunt, covered publications between the old ages 1985 to 2009. The undermentioned beginnings were included in the hunt procedure. Electronic library databases To increase the fullness of the research and cut down the ambiguity, cardinal words were used merely when mapped capable headers and the Thesaurus were non available for a peculiar hunt database. Chronic disease was used as the chief hunt term and combined with extra footings deemed relevant to the cardinal inquiries. These extra footings were identified, nutrition, diet, lifestyle. Databases searched included the followers: MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, CINAHL ( Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature ) , CDSR ( Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ) , ACP Journal Club ( American College of Physicians Evidence Based Medicine ) , CCTR ( Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials ) Health Star, PAIS ( Public Affairs Information Service ) , Proceedings First, Population Index, Proquest Digital Dissertations, Science direct, Pub Med. Hand hunts A manus hunt of the International Journal of Chronic disease for the old ages 1985 to July 2009 was conducted. Mention lists from studies were manus searched for other eligible studies. Internet The cyberspace hunt. foremost, involved utilizing the hunt engine, Google, with the footings ‘Chronic disease ‘ and ‘diet ‘ and either ‘lifestyle ‘ , ‘prevalence ‘.To eliminate irrelevant sites, the research was limited to hunts utilizing predefined standards based on several ushers for happening dependable information from trusty beginnings on the Internet. Sites were eliminated if ( I ) they were clearly merely commercial ; ( two ) they did non look to be trusty or dependable beginnings ( i.e. personal home pages ) ; and/or ( three ) had small to no relevant information. Inclusion/exclusion standards The hunt was limited to English studies, which included columns, and theoretical reappraisals, PhD thesis and other grade plants, sum-ups of conferences, historical documents and book reappraisals. Letterss to the editor, columns were excluded. Documents selected for retrieval were assessed in a two-stage procedure. In the first phase, documents were selected based on reading of rubric and abstract. The 2nd phase involved reading of the full text of the articles selected, to set up the grade to which the paper satisfies inclusion/exclusion standards. Critical Appraisal: The research worker used the QARI ( Qualitative Appraisal and Review Instrument ) critical assessment instrument from the Joanna Briggs Institute System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information bundle ( SUMARI ) ( see Appendix 1 for difficult transcript ) . Data extraction: Data was extracted from documents utilizing the QARI informations extraction procedure which aggregated findings and seeked to classs and synthesis. Data was extracted manually utilizing the standardized informations extraction tool in QARI ( see Appendix 1 for difficult transcript of extraction tool ) and contained within the Joanna Briggs Institute System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review the Information bundle ( SUMARI ) . Where meta-synthesis was possible, qualitative research findings were pooled utilizing the Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument ( QARI ) . This procedure involved the collection of findings and categorized to bring forth a set of synthesized statements that represent such collection. How to cite Chronic Disease In St Lucia Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

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Patrina Caruana Audiology Assignment 1AS(a) How do the scopes of practice differ between audiologists and speech-language pathologists (SLPs)?Audiologist and speech language pathologist are both healthcare professionals devoted to addressing different aspects of communication breakdown. ASHA defines audiologists as individuals who provide comprehension diagnostic and rehabilitative services for all areas of auditory, vestibular, and related disorders (ASHA, 1996). Audiologists are dedicated to the prevention, identification, and evaluation of hearing disorders (including balance disorders) (Kushla 4). Audiologist work with clients to select and evaluate hearing aids and the implementation of rehabilitation of individuals with hearing loss or balance function. Audiologist can subspecialize in several areas and can be clinicians, therapist, teachers, research investigators, administrators or consultants (Kushla 4). The overall goal of the provision of audiology services should be to optimize and enhance the ability of an individual to hear, as well as to communicate in his/her every day or natural environment (Asha SOP audio 3). A speech language pathologists objective is to optimize individuals ability to communicate and swallow, thereby improving quality of life (Asha SOP SLP 3). Speech-language pathologists are committed to the provision of culturally and linguistically appropriate services and to the consideration of diversity in scientific investigations of human communication and swallowing (Asha SOP SLP 3). The scope of practice of speech-language pathologists includes addressing typical and atypical communication and swallowing in areas such as speech sound production, resonance, voice, fluency, language comprehension ; expression, cognition, feeding ; swallowing, and other oral-motor functions. (b) How do the scopes of practice relate to the education of students in each profession? The education preparation of SLPs and Audiologist differ. To be a speech language pathologists, you must obtain a ASHA Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology (CCC-SLP), which requires a masters, doctoral, or other post baccalaureate degree. ASHA certified speech-language pathologists complete a supervised postgraduate professional experience and pass a national examination as described in the ASHA certification standards. Speech language pathologists may need to obtain other credentials such as state licensure or a teaching certification based on their individual employment requirements. (Planning 1). A masters in SLP will require an average commitment of two years full-time study in a masters program. Afterwards a clinical doctoral degree can be pursued in Speech Language Pathology. A doctoral degree in audiology (PhD or AuD) is needed to properly prepare a student for entry into the professional world of audiology. The doctoral curriculum will provide academic and clinical preparation for the identification, diagnosis, prevention and evidence-based treatment of hearing, balance, and other auditory disorders for people of all ages. The time-to-degree is 3 or 4 years of full-time study. (Planning 2). A student must then apply for an ASHA certification in audiology (i.e., Certificate of Clinical Competence in Audiology [CCC-A]). Demonstration of continued professional development is both SLP and Audiology is highly recommended for success in both fields. (c) What do audiologists do in their profession that is different from what SLPs do in their profession? Audiologist conduct comprehensive audiometric evaluations (CAE), evaluating of middle ear function using emittance measures (tympanometry, acoustic reflex). Audiologists also perform auditory brainstem response (ABR) evaluations, intraoperative monitoring of CN VII and CN VIII, optoacoustic emission (OAE) evaluations of outer hair cell function, electronystagmography (ENG) evaluations and vestibular rehabilitation. Cochlear implant programming/mapping of speech processor and prescriptive fittings of hearing aid and assistive listening devices (aka hearing assistance technology) are also tasks performed by an audiologist (Asha Scope Audio 6). The clinical services of an SLP include service delivery decisions (e.g., admission/eligibility, frequency, duration, location, discharge/dismissal) and context(s) for service delivery (e.g. , home, school, telepractice, community, providing intervention and support services for children and adults diagnosed with speech and language disorders (and some with auditory processing disorders (Asha SOP SLP 7). SLPs use instrumentation (like videofluoroscopy, electromyography, nasendoscopy, stroboscopy, endoscopy, nasometry, computer technology) to observe, collect data, and measure parameters of communication and swallowing or other upper aerodigestive functions. Slps counsel individuals, families, coworkers, educators, and other persons in the community regarding acceptance, adaptation, and decision making about communication and swallowing. They also help in the developing, selecting, and prescribing multimodal augmentative and alternative communication systems, including unaided strategies (e.g., manual signs, gestures) and aided strategies (e.g. , speech-generating devices, manual communication boards, picture schedules) (Asha SOP SLP 7). SLPs address the behaviors (e.g., perseverative or disruptive actions) and environments that affect communication and swallowing. They aid in the selection fitting, and establishing effective use of prosthetic/adaptive devices for communication and swallowing. This service does not include the selection or fitting of sensory devices used by individuals with hearing loss or other auditory perceptual deficits, which falls within the scope of practice of audiologists (ASHA, 2004). (d) How are these two professions similar?Speech-language pathology and audiology are both mentioned to be dynamic and continuously developing professions. Ashas website wording is as such to not exclude emerging areas of practice in both fields. Both fields also end themselves to collaborative service delivery in schools, transdisciplinary practice in early intervention settings. I noticed that screening individuals for hearing loss or middle ear pathology using conventional pure-tone air conduction methods (including otoscopic inspection), otoacoustic emissions screening, and/or screening tympanometry and providing services to individuals with hearing loss and their families/ caregivers (e.g., auditory training for children with cochlear implants and hearing aids; speechreading; speech and language intervention secondary to hearing loss; visual inspection and listening checks of amplification devices for the purpose of troubleshooting, including verification of appropriate battery voltage) was listed on both scope of practice for audiology and speech language pathology. I believe this connection exists because of all the professional s, it is the speech-language pathologist with whom the audiologist may collaborate most frequently when working with children (Martin 405). Speech-language pathologists play an integral role in the treatment of and advocacy for children with hearing loss. Speech- language pathologist may be the only person available to provide the in-service training educators may need to properly handle students with hearing loss. Both audiologists and SLPs are strong advocates for the communicative advancement for children with hearing loss. Historically, the similarities in the backgrounds and early training of audiologists and speech-language pathologists have been parallel, and so audiologists probably identify more closely with speech-language pathologists than with other specialists (Martin 405). Slps and audiologist benefit from the ability to call upon on anothers expertise. For example, an audiologist will see patients because the speech-language pathologist wishes to know if some aspect of a communication disorder is related to a hearing problem. Especially in the cases of young, language-delayed children, the identification of a hearing disorder may play a large role in (re)habilitation (Martin 405). Collaboration among specialists can r esult in the proper planning of remediation. An audiologist may notice a voice or articulation disorder directly related to the inability of a patient to discriminate sounds or to hear a particular frequency range. They would refer this patient to an SLP. An audiologist should be careful to state their regarding the effects of hearing loss on a patients speech but should refrain from specific recommendations regarding speech therapy. Professional boundaries and proper communication are used for the maximum benefit of collaboration on each patients care. ReferencesAmerican Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2004). Scope of Practice in Audiology [Scope of Practice]. Available from www.asha.org/policy.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2007). Scope of Practice in Speech-Language Pathology [Scope of Practice]. Available from www. asha.org/policy.Humes, Larry E., and Fred H. Bess. Audiology and communication disorders: an overview. Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams ; Wilkins, 2014. Kushla, Karen J. Unite 1a: The Communication Chain. Kean University CDD 3259 Powerpoint LectureMartin, Frederick N., and John Greer Clark. Introduction to audiology. Pearson Education, Inc., 2019. Planning Your Education in Communication Sciences and Disorders. Averican Speech-Language-Hearing Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, www.asha.org/Students/Planning-Your-Education-in-CSD/.

Drones Civil Liberties free essay sample

Rand Paul. The issue of who controls these drones and has access to the data they collect is of deep concern. The multinational company Google Just recently settled a law suit over their Google maps divisions data collection during their street level collection. The suit was based on Googles use of data they acquired via recording devices while they drove around the country gathering everything from phone conversations to computer passwords. Who stops the drones from only collecting on the warranted Individuals?These are pieces of technology used by our pay agencies and military to actually look through walls Vela thermal Imaging and ultra-sensitive listening devices which can hear your most personal conversations. How will the unwarranted material collected be handled? Will It still be subject to review and used against citizens? The notion that these drones will be a safer means of collection is in agreement everywhere, it removes individuals such as informants wearing wires from harms way and allows our law enforcement agencies to view locations for possible danger before attempting to serve criminal warrants. The question becomes are your civil liberties being violated with information being gathered as the drone passes over your location? 2. Are drones a violation of due process? From the earliest days of conversation In the United States it has been debated what Is said In private between individuals Is a right not to be infringed upon. From the sitting by people and eavesdropping to the wire taps viewed so negatively during the tumultuous time of the says.Yet our supreme court has ruled that some criminal activities are only possible to be discovered and prosecuted through these means, ND have given our law enforcement access to this tool of prosecution. Drones are simply our next advancement in technology that is needed to counter criminals use of advanced technology such as throw away prepaid cell phones. Our law enforcement arm also needs to move forward with the criminal element. As the creativity of the criminal element advances so must law enforcements ability to find and bring to Justice.The true issue of due process however comes in when they talk of using predator type Drones on U. S. Soil or against U. S. Citizens abroad. These are the missile carrying weapons platforms used with such effectiveness against terrorist In foreign countries. When an American whether here or abroad Is targeted for elongation without the due process afforded under or constitution we have begun a slide down a slippery slope of god dome. Who becomes the watch dog of proper and ethical use against our own? Are we so willing to prosecute and president or his designed be given that power?And who will protect against misuse of such a power? 3. The use of drones may exploit some gray areas in the law and within citizens rights. Currently citizens are being targeted by our military and C. I. A. In countries such as Yemen and Pakistan. Even though polls show we support suspected terrorists being targeted by 65 % that number drops to 41% when that person is a U. S. Citizen. While the targeting of military combatants is legal, the view of killing American citizens even if involved in terrorist activities is still perceived as protected under our constitutional rights.Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky recently engaged in a filibuster in protest of the current administrations refusal to disclose Rene usage within our borders. Congressional leaders have been pushing the administration for months to reveal details of how potential targets were chosen with limited success. Although some documentation has been released to select individuals others have complained about being refused access to information. This is a classic platform for ethics violations by limiting the amount of people who know they limit the possibility for oversight. . Recommendations for Government use of Drone Aircraft. What would be the effect on our public spaces, and our society as whole? If everyone felt the keen eye of the government on their backs whenever they ventured outdoors? Psychologists have repeatedly found that people who are being observed tend to behave differently, and make different decisions, than when they are not being watched. This effect is so great that a recent study found that merely hanging up posters of staring human eyes is enough to significantly change peoples behavior. The UCLA recommends at a minimum the following core measures are enacted to ensure that this happens: ; Usage restrictions. Save should be subject to strict regulation to ensure that their use does not eviscerate the privacy that Americans have traditionally enjoyed and rightly expect. Innocent Americans should not have to worry that their activities will be scrutinized by drones. To this end, the use of drones should be prohibited for indiscriminate mass surveillance, for example, or for spying based on First Amendment-protected activities.In general, drones should not be deployed except: where there are specific and articulated grounds to believe that the drone will collect evidence relating to a pacific instance of criminal wrongdoing or, if the drone will intrude upon reasonable expectations of privacy, where the government has obtained a warrant based on probable cause; or where there is a geographically confined, time-limited emergency situation in which particular individuals lives are at risk, such as a fire, hostage crisis, or person lost in the wilderness; Save are potentially extremely powerful surveillance tools, and that power, like all government power, needs to be subject to checks and balances. For reasonable non-law enforcement purposes by non-law enforcement agencies, where privacy will not be substantially affected, such as geological inspections or environmental surveys, and where the surveillance will not be used for secondary law enforcement purposes. Image retention restrictions. Images of identifiable individuals captured by aerial surveillance technologies should not be retained or shared unless there is reasonable suspicion that the images contain evidence of criminal activity or are relevant to an ongoing investigation or pending criminal trial. ; Public notice. Explicit and written, and should made public. While it is legitimate for the police to keep the details of particular investigations confidential, policy decisions regarding overall deployment policies-?including the privacy tradeoffs they may entail-?are a public matter that should be openly discussed. ; Democratic control.