Assignment Week 2 Essays

Assignment Week 2 Essays Assignment Week 2 Essay Assignment Week 2 Essay Associate Level Material Appendix B Ethical Theories Chart Complete the chart below using information from the weekly readings and additional research if necessary. Include APA formatted in-text citations when applicable and list all references at the bottom of the page. |Ethical Theory | | | | | | | | | | |Utilitarianism |Deontological |Virtue ethics | | | |Definition | |Making choices that determine the sole |Describes the character of a moral agent as | | |A consequentialist theory in a |purpose of morally required, forbidden, or|a driving force for ethical behavior rather | | |normative ethics holding that the |permitted. |than by rules, consequences, or social | | |right decision making is the one | |context. | | |that maximizes overall happiness. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ethical thinker associated with| |Highly ethical person (The Germans who hid|Aristotle | |theory |Stakeholders (the involving |the Jewish family from the Naziâ„ ¢s) Corrie | | | |parties affected in the decision) |ten Boom | | | | | | | | |Mark Felt | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Decision-making process | |In order to make a decision, an individual|An individual will make a moral decision | | | |must examine the choices through a moral |based on the personâ„ ¢s professional | | |The decision making process is to |compass. |association, the regulatory community, their| | |think about all the stakeholders | |religious community, family, society, and/or| | |that can be affected by the | |the companyâ„ ¢s ethics office. | | |decision. Making sure the person | | | | |determine their decision by the | | | | |moral worth of an action based on | | | | |the resulting outcome. Think about| | | | |the societal harms and benefits of| | | | |an action. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Workplace example | |An employee has been overworked for the |A customer left their wallet. Company policy| | |An employee was spotted by another|last two days. The employee need the hours|states to report any lost and found | | |employee stealing baby pampers |but is too tired to focus. The manager |merchandise. The morally and ethical thing | | |from the company. Before making |made the decision to let the employee stay|would be to turn the wallet in. The | | |the decision of reporting the |on the clock, but go to the break room and|temptation that will be wrong in this | | |employee think if the outcome will|rest for thirty minutes. It is against |situation will be to take the money and | | |be better for overall harm |company policy to ride the clock. |throw away the wallet. Because of the | | |/benefit. | |religious beliefs I would turn the wallet | | | | |in. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Reference: DECIDING WHATâ„ ¢S RIGHT: A PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH, Trevino, L., Nelson, K. (2011).?  Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right?  (5th ed.). Ch. 2 pp.38-51, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Sunbird Facts (Family Nectariniidae)

Sunbird Facts (Family Nectariniidae) Sunbirds are tropical nectar-sipping birds belonging to the family Nectariniidae. Some members of the family are called spiderhunters, but all are considered to be sunbirds. Like unrelated hummingbirds, they feed primarily on nectar. However, most sunbirds have curved bills and perch to feed rather than hover like hummingbirds. Fast Facts: Sunbird Scientific Name: NectariniidaeCommon Names: sunbird, spiderhunterBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: Less than 4 inchesWeight: 0.2-1.6 ouncesLifespan: 16-22 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Southeast Asia, Africa, northern AustraliaPopulation: Stable or decreasingConservation Status: Least Concern to Endangered Species The Nectariniidae family consists of 16 genera and 145 species. All birds in the family are sunbirds, but those in the genus Arachnothera are called spiderhunters. The spiderhunters are distinct from other sunbirds in that they are larger and both sexes have the same dull brown plumage. Description Sunbirds are small, slender birds measuring less than 4 inches in length. The smallest sunbird is the black-bellied sunbird, which weighs about 5 grams or 0.2 ounces. The largest sunbird is the spectacled spiderhunter, which weighs 45 grams or 1.6 ounces. Generally, males are larger than females and have longer tails. Most members of the family have long, downward-curved bills. Except for the spiderhunters, sunbirds are strongly sexually dimorphic. Males often have brilliant iridescent plumage, while females tend to be duller or different colors than males. Some species have distinctive juvenile and seasonal plumage. Male and female sunbirds may have very different plumage colors. Irtiza7 / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Sunbirds live in tropical forests, inland wetlands, savannas, and scrubland in Africa, southern Asia, the Middle East, and northern Australia. They tend not to favor coasts or islands. Some species migrate seasonally, but only a short distance. They are found from sea level to 19,000 feet of elevation. Some species have adapted to live near human habitation in gardens and agricultural land. Diet For the most part, sunbirds feed on flower nectar. They eat from orange and red tubular flowers and are important pollinators for these species. A sunbird dips its curved bill into a flower or else pierces its base and then sips nectar using a long, tubular tongue. Sunbirds also eat fruit, small insects, and spiders. While hummingbirds hover to feed, sunbirds land and perch on flower stalks. Behavior Sunbirds live in pairs or small groups and are active during the daytime. They aggressively defend their territories from predators and (during the breeding season) other bird species. Sunbirds tend to be talkative birds. Their songs consists of rattles and metallic-sounding notes. Reproduction and Offspring Outside of the equatorial belt, sunbirds breed seasonally, usually during the wet season. Birds that live near the equator may breed any time of year. Most species are monogamous and territorial. A few species engage in lekking, where a group of males gather to put on a courtship display to attract females. Female sunbirds use spiderwebs, leaves, and twigs to build purse-shaped nests and suspend them from branches. However, spiderhunter nests are woven cups attached beneath large leaves. The female lays up to four eggs. Except for spiderhunters, only sunbird females incubate the eggs. Purple sunbird eggs hatch after 15 to 17 days. Male sunbirds help rear the nestlings. Sunbirds live between 16 and 22 years. Olive-backed female sunbird with chicks. Paul T Photography / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies most sunbird species as least concern. Seven species are threatened with extinction and the elegant sunbird (Aethopyga duyvenbodei) is endangered. Populations are either stable or decreasing. Threats Threats to the species include habitat loss and degradation from deforestation and human encroachment. The scarlet-chested sunbird is considered an agricultural pest, as it spreads parasitic mistletoe in cocoa plantations. Although sunbirds are stunningly beautiful, they are not typically captured for the pet trade because of their specific nutritional needs. Sources BirdLife International 2016. Aethopyga duyvenbodei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22718068A94565160. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718068A94565160.enBirdLife International 2016. Cinnyris asiaticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22717855A94555513. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717855A94555513.enCheke, Robert and Clive Mann. Family Nectariniidae (Sunbirds). In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona: Lynx Editions. pp. 196–243. 2008. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.Flower, Stanley Smyth. Further notes on the duration of life in animals. IV. Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Ser. A (2): 195–235, 1938. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1938.tb07895.xJohnson, Steven D. The pollination niche and its role in the diversification and maintenance of the southern African flora. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365 ( 1539): 499–516. 2010. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0243

To determine the relationship between physical self-perceptions and Essay

To determine the relationship between physical self-perceptions and participation in sport in school children in years 9, 10 and 11 - Essay Example The stronger the internal cues, the greater the impact, whether positive or negative. For children, particularly in their pre-adolescent years (9-11) when they are anticipating and experiencing great physical changes (Craig, 1992) and are just starting to develop the ability to formulate abstract thought (â€Å"Piaget†, 2006), most of these internal cues are gained through their perceptions of themselves as they compare physically to their peers. As a result of the physicality of self-perception in this age group, study after study have demonstrated that participation in sports can have a positive impact on children’s self-perception just as negative self-perceptions tend to decrease a child’s willingness to participate in sports. Links between sports participation and self-perception in this age group have been demonstrated to be relatively universal, regardless of culture or nationality. For example, a study conducted on the highest and lowest quarter of students participating in a physical fitness test in comparison with their results from a self-concept scale indicated a strong correlation in attitudes among those who scored high and those who scored low. In the study (Sherrill & Alguin, 1989), children, both boys and girls, who scored high on the physical fitness test also scored high on the self-concept scale while children who scored low on the fitness test also scored low on the self-concept scale. While this study doesn’t necessarily support the concept that physical activity and positive self-concept are positively linked, it does indicate the possibility. Other studies have established this link, however. Marsh and Sonstroem (1995) conducted a study in which participants were asked to report the amount of physical activity they participated in on a weekly basis, reporting at the same time the intensity level of the exercise. At the same time, a physical

People Management & Performance in Contemporary Organisations Essay

People Management & Performance in Contemporary Organisations - Essay Example From this study it is clear that an effective performance appraisal system should also be implemented that will rate the employees according to their performance. Thus, adopting all these measures, the company can reduce its high attrition rate of graduate trainees and continue the normal organisational activities with greater productivity.This report stresses that  Pearl and Mutual Benefit Insurance Company (PMIC) is a financial service based organisation wherein higher rate of attrition of the employees has been witnessed. This can be justified with reference to the data produced at the end of the year 2014 revealing that 60% of the recruited graduate trainees have left the company for varied purposes such as change in career settings by shifting from one sector to other. One of the reasons behind this disturbing fact can be deemed as the persistence of inefficiency in the procedure of recruiting and selecting the trainees. It will be vital to mention in this similar concern that the recruitment procedure of PMIC must be structured in a strategic manner in order to select the potential graduates who would deemed fit with the company’s sales and hard driving oriented culture.  In accordance with the provided data on the case study, it can be ascertained that several graduate trainees who have been expensively recruited as well as trained have not obtained high ratings for their respective performance during annual appraisalsa.

The Propulsion System Engineering Essay

The Propulsion System Engineering Essay The propulsion system with respect to this application can be defined as the system which provides vehicle motion. Thus, this project involves the design of a system for efficient power generation and transmission of power from power plant to the driving wheels with minimum power train losses. All design features must comply with the shell Eco-Marathon Asia 2010 rules and regulations [1] Main objectives Selection of a suitable energy source to power the vehicle Overall system design Stock selection and design of components Detailed analysis and optimization of each sub system for maximum fuel efficiency CAD modeling and detailed drawing Verification of selected and designed components through calculation and suitable simulation software Final performance estimation All design features must be approved by shell Eco-Marathon organizers Parts quotation 1.2 About the competition The principle of the Shell Eco-Marathon is simply to design and build the most fuel efficient vehicle while producing the fewest emissions. [1], [30] Teams can enter two main categories: Futuristic prototypes These are streamlined vehicles where the primary design consideration is reducing drag and maximizing power train efficiency. This category has fewer restrictions. [1] Urban Concept vehicles These are built to more conventional 4-wheel roadworthy criteria. [1] Design requirements and other rules related to the propulsion system are listed in Appendix F 1.3 Competition category and energy source selection After few days of research and discussion considering time, cost and expertise of team, it was decided to compete under the prototype category with an internal combustion engine running on ethanol as the power plant. CHAPTER 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This literature review provides details on past endurance vehicles and the latest developments in the area of fuel efficiency, alternative fuels and future propulsion systems. Articles and reports were found related to vehicles designed and developed mainly for Shell Eco-Marathon and SAE Supermileage competitions. 2.2 The world record The most fuel efficient car in the world, PAC Car II designed and developed by ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) was powered by a Hydrogen fuel cell and it had a record of 12600 Miles per Gallon (US) during the Shell Eco-Marathon, France in 2005 [3]. This clearly indicated the level of competition, amount of potential for fuel efficiency and alternative fuels. 2.3 Ethanol as vehicle fuel Articles [4] on ethanol combustion and conversion of gasoline engines were found which provided detailed practical explanation. An ethanol powered car engineered by French high school students from Lycà ©e La Joliverie had achieved the best fuel efficiency at the European Shell Eco-marathon 2006, winning the race at the Nogaro auto racing circuit in southwest France by travelling 2885 kilometers per liter of gasoline equivalent. It also took the Climate Friendly prize for producing the least greenhouse gas emissions. [6] Currently ethanol E85 (85% ethanol) powered vehicles are produced by leading automotive manufacturers such as Ford, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Toyota, Nissan etc [8] 2.4 Engine and drive train Vehicle designed and built by Alerion Supermileage team from Laval University of Quebec, Canada won the grand prize of the Shell Eco-Marathon Americas 2010 recording 1057.5 kilometers per liter. This vehicle consisted of an internal combustion engine. The Dalhousie University team had used the Honda GX35 engine for their vehicle with a direct drive transmission system for Shell Eco-Marathon Americas in 2008/2009 which travelled 332.8 km/l gasoline [5]. Experimental values obtained by dynamometer testing for the GX35 engine were also published. [2] 2.5 Fuel delivery systems Most endurance vehicles in previous competitions had mechanical fuel pumps to pressurize fuel. The Dalhousie team used a pressurized fuel system in 2008/2009 which yielded successful results. Fuel injection systems are known to be more efficient than carburetor systems since there is more control over the spray of fuel. 2.6 Intake and exhaust system The internal combustion engines and fluid mechanics online lecture notes published by the Colorado State University provided basic explanation about intake/exhaust tuning. Current developments in this field are related to variable valve timing. Fiat was the first automotive manufacturer to patent a variable lift system. Developed by Giovanni Torazza 1960, the system used hydraulic pressure to vary the fulcrum of the cam followers (US Patent 3,641,988). The hydraulic pressure changed according to engine speed and intake pressure. [43] After continued improvement, a system with variable valve timing, two stage valve lift on the intake valves and variable timing of the exhaust valves was developed by Porsche in 2009. [40] In 2010, Mitsubishi developed and started mass production of the 4N13 1.8 L Diesel Overhead Cam Inline 4 cylinder engine. This is the first passenger car with a diesel engine that features a variable valve timing system. [39] 2.7 Latest trends in fuel efficiency There is much research and development in the area of hydrogen fuel cells and hybrid systems. Although the principle of the fuel cell was discovered in 1838, it has not been a popular topic until recent years. Currently, hybrid systems and hydrogen fuel cells are considered the future of vehicle propulsion systems. CHAPTER 3.0 ENGINE THE SYSTEM POWER PLANT 3.1 Introduction A small four stroke gasoline engine was required to be selected and modified for ethanol combustion with maximum fuel efficiency. 3.2 Fuel Ethanol E100 The main idea behind selecting ethanol as the fuel for the engine is that ethanol has a high octane value (Higher auto ignition point). Therefore the engine will not knock at higher compression ratios. [8], [4] It is also a renewable fuel produced by corn, sugar cane etc and although controversial is regarded as generating less toxic emissions. [8] 3.3 Stock engine selection Main specification guidelines set in order to select few potential engines that can be used for the system: Engine type: Air cooled, four stroke, single cylinder petrol engine Displacement: 35 to 50 cm3 Power Output: Maximum Mass: Minimum Table 1.0: Specification guidelines for selection Adhering to the set guidelines (refer table 1.0) few potential engines were selected. Scooter engine, 139QMB, [9] 350R/S 35cc Robin/Subaru 4-Stroke engine used for bicycles, [10] Honda GX35 mini 4 stroke used in lawn mowers, [11] Gasoline engine (142F) manufactured and supplied by Shandong Huasheng Zhongtian Machinery group CO.LTD, [12] [Detailed specifications for these engines are given in appendix C] 3.3.1 Parametric study Main parameters considered for this study were specific fuel consumption, mass, ease of modification, availability, versatility and reliability The fuel efficiency of an engine is directly related to the brake specific fuel consumption. [13] During the autumn semester, the drive train was assumed to be 100% efficient and mass of car without engine was estimated as 330lbs. These values were only used for comparing engines. The miles per gallon values were estimated using the Bowling and Grippo program for various BSFC values. [7] The estimates for coefficient of drag, frontal area, tire inflation pressure, vehicle weight were obtained from other team members in charge of each sub assembly. Program inputs Coefficient of drag 0.13 Frontal area (Square feet) 8.04 Vehicle miles per hour (MPH) 18 Vehicle weight in lbs 330 Tire inflation pressure in psi 80 Engine Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (gal/hr-hp) Inputs from 0.01 to 0.25 Drive train horsepower loss Assumed 0 for engine comparison Table 2.0: Bowling and Grippo program inputs (Refer Table 6.0 in Appendix D for results) Figure 1.0: Estimated MPG vs. BSFC The specific fuel consumption of the engine should be a minimum to obtain high miles per gallon of fuel (from figure 1.0). The engines selected were further short listed considering the information available and ease for modification. 142F Gasoline engine: Brake specific fuel consumption = 480 g/kW-h Density of gasoline = 2790.38 g/gal, [15] 480 g/2790.378 g/gal = 0.1720 gal 0.1720 gal/1.341 hp-h BSFC = 0.1283 gal/hp-h Honda GX35 Brake specific fuel consumption = 360 g/kW-h This value in gal/hp-h = 0.0962 gal/hp-h Miles per gallon was estimated (assuming no power loss in drive train) for each engine while considering the mass of each engine. Estimated weight of vehicle without engine = 330 lbs Weight of vehicle with 142F engine = 335.5 lbs, this gives an estimated MPG of 790.84. Weight of vehicle with Honda GX35 = 333.8 lbs, this gives an estimated MPG of 1058.84. [7] Figure 2.0: MPG for 142F and GX35 engines Although miles per gallon value would be lower when drive train power loss is considered, the engine was compared assuming a 100% efficient drive train. These calculations are based on gasoline fuel for engine comparison purposes. Study results clearly indicate that the Honda GX35 is the most suitable engine for this system and also considering the reliability factor of Honda further proves that this engine should be selected for this application. 3.4 Honda GX35 Main advantages of Honda GX35 engine [11] Lower brake specific fuel consumption Mass is almost 2 kg less than 142F Better reliability and it has been improved over the past 10-11 years. Over Head Cam engine: Carrying out modifications on the cylinder head is easier. 360o inclinable The only disadvantage is that it consists of a carburetor. A fuel injection system would have been more fuel efficient but electronic fuel injection would also require an Engine management system and alternator which would add more weight to the vehicle. Therefore weight is less with carburetor. Performance curves C:Documents and SettingsPulsaraDesktopFYP RESEARCHcurve_GX35.gif Figure 3.0: Performance and fuel consumption curves [11] Basic calculations Clearance Volume (Stock GX35) Swept Volume = 35.8 cm3, Compression ratio, rc = 8:1 Compression ratio = Total Volume, (Vc+Vd)/Clearance Volume, Vc Clearance Volume, Vc = 5.114 cm3 Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), (Stock GX35) Maximum power output = 1.3 HP at 7000rpm L is displacement in liters, L = 0.0358 l BMEP = 67.44 lbf/in2 Calculation of specific fuel consumption with ethanol without any system modifications Fuel NCV (KJ/l) NCV (KJ/gal(US)) Gasoline 31627.84 119724.42 Ethanol 21229.48 80362.34 Table 3.0: Net calorific values by volume [1], [15] BSFC with ethanol 0.0962 gallons of gasoline = 119724.42 x 0.0962 KJ = 11517.45 KJ Therefore BSFC of Honda GX35 engine with ethanol fuel = 0.1433 gal/hp-h (GX35 specifications in appendix C). 3.5 Modifications Figure 4.0: Engine modifications 3.5.1 Mandatory modifications for ethanol combustion Carburetor modification Main jet changes Since the energy density of ethanol is lower than gasoline, the fuel/air ratio should be increased. The main jet orifice can be bored out to increase the size of the orifice by around 30% of the original size. The air/fuel ratio for ethanol combustion should be 10.07:1. [4], [1] Idle orifice changes When the throttle plate is at idle position, the air/fuel mixture is only allowed to enter the manifold through the idle orifice. The idle mixture screw could be loosened or orifice could be bored out to increase the size by 30% in order to provide sufficient ethanol to keep the engine running at idle speed. [4] Overall engine and piping system Ethanol is a strong cleaning agent and has the ability to degrade certain engine parts such as, natural rubber, plastics, and even metals over time. Therefore, all rubber and plastic components should be replaced by synthetic material. [4] It is recommended to use neoprene hoses for the fuel delivery system. [4] Durability of various plastics: Ethanol vs. Gasoline in table 3.1in appendix D. 3.5.2 Modifications for maximum fuel efficiency Compression ratio alteration This is discussed with detailed analysis in chapter 5.0 Intake and exhaust optimization This is discussed with detailed analysis in chapter 6.0 Starting system An electric starter would be installed which would enable the driver to turn off the engine and coast after reaching a particular speed and restart later with ease. Choke A manually controlled choke is better for ethanol engines and especially for this competition. Therefore if the engine is equipped with an automatic choke; it can be adapted for manual control using a manual choke conversion kit. CHAPTER 4.0 COMPRESSION RATIO ALTERATION 4.1 Introduction This is the main advantage of using ethanol as fuel. The compression ratio can be increased up to 16-20:1 without engine knock. [20] Increasing the compression ratio increases the thermal efficiency of the engine but it should only be increased to an extent to which the engine could withstand the pressure and temperature. Methods to increase the compression ratio [21] Cylinder head and block can be shaved by milling (planning) the surfaces. Modify or change the piston head. Inlet conditions (High pressure, temperature etc) Reduce gasket thickness 4.2 Analysis For this analysis, the combustion chamber of the engine was assumed to be cylinder shaped r = Bore/2 = 1.95cm X VC (Stock) = 5.114 cm3 à Ã¢â€š ¬r2 X = 5.114 X = 0.428 cm Milling the head/block or reducing thickness of the gasket would reduce X which would result in a smaller clearance volume, VC. A smaller clearance volume results in a higher compression ratio which also generates more power. Valve clearance for Honda GX35 This is the maximum distance the valve travels beyond the engine head. Intake Valve clearance Exhaust Valve Clearance 0.08 +/- 0.02mm 0.11 +/- 0.02mm Table 4.0: GX35 Valve clearance [17] The value of X after modifications must be greater than 0.13 mm to avoid valve/piston collision. Let Y be the amount of head/block milled or reduced from gasket X = (4.28 Y) mm There is no direct theoretical relationship between horsepower and compression ratio but the Bowling and Grippo program provides a rough estimate which was tabulated in table 6.1 in appendix D. [7] For specific new fuel consumption Tabulated results can be found in Table 6.1 in Appendix D Figure 5.0: Compression ratio vs. reduction in combustion chamber height (Y) Figure 5.1: Estimated engine HP vs. reduction in combustion chamber height (Y) Figure 5.2: BSFC vs. reduction in combustion chamber height (Y) Figure 5.3: Estimated miles per gallon vs. reduction in combustion chamber height (Y) From research it was found that the compression ratio could be increased to 16-20:1 with ethanol fuel without knock problems but there was no credible information on how much compression the engine could withstand. Therefore, it was specified to increase the compression ratio only up to 12:1. This increase in compression ratio would result in an increase of 55 miles per gallon (US) (Refer figures 5.0, 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3) 4.2.1 Engine cyclic analysis Figure 6.0, P-V diagram for naturally aspirated Spark ignition engine [25] Inlet conditions: Pressure (P) = 1 bar, Temperature (T) = 303 K, Ideal Gas constant (R) = 287 J/kg. K, Ratio of specific heats (ÃŽÂ ³) = 1.4, CV = 717.6, For perfect gas, Where, is the total mass of charge mixture From fuel consumption calculations using net calorific values: Fuel /Air ratio (FAR) of Ethanol = 1.49 x FAR of gasoline FAR (Ethanol) = 1/15 x 1.49 = 0.0993 , where From 1 2 (Refer figure 6.0) Isentropic compression From 2 3 (Refer figure 6.0) Constant volume heat addition Energy density of Ethanol = 30 MJ/kg Most small engines have thermal efficiencies between 40 and 45%. Therefore with a compression ratio of 12:1, conversion efficiency (Formation and combustion) can be assumed to be 45% to obtain an overestimate of the increase in pressure and temperature. [22] Above calculations were repeated for the original compression ratio (8.0:1) of the stock engine which gave the following results C:UsersPMGDesktopFYP RESEARCHT0512e0v.gif Figure 7.0: Thermal efficiency increase with increase in compression ratio, [23] Assuming a conversion efficiency of 40% and an air/fuel ratio of 15:1 Therefore, the peak in cylinder pressure has been increased by a factor of 1.64. This factor is also the factor of increase in force on piston, head, valves etc. Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) is a valuable measure of the capacity of an engine to do work and is independent of displacement (Size of engine). [24] The BMEP of the stock engine was 67.44 (from calculations under parametric study). Therefore, increasing the compression ratio has increased the capacity of the engine to do work significantly. CHAPTER 5.0 INTAKE AND EXHAUST OPTIMIZATION 5.1 Introduction A pressure wave is created when an intake or exhaust valve is opened/closed. The wave propagates through the pipe at the speed of sound. When this wave encounters a change in cross sectional area, such as the end of the pipe, a wave of opposite sign will be reflected which would travel back towards the port. Based on the time taken for this wave to return to the valve and also considering the open/close durations of the valves, the optimum length for the pipe can be calculated. This would increase the volumetric efficiency of the engine. [16] 5.1.1 Optimum intake pipe length Experiments have revealed that there is a significant gain in volumetric efficiency when the reflected compression wave returns when the piston is at a crank angle of 90o. At this point the piston would be moving at maximum speed. Matching the time taken for the wave to return with engine speed, the required length of the pipe can be found. [16] Velocity of wave = Distance/Time, (where distance = 2L) Time = 900/ RPM (revolutions/minute)(minute/60s)(3600/revolution) = 15/RPM [16]C:Documents and SettingsPulsaraDesktopFYP RESEARCHfluid0{image1}.gif Where c is the speed of sound which depends on the temperature Where = Ratio of specific heats R = Ideal gas constant T = Temperature 5.1.2 Optimum exhaust pipe length At blow down (exhaust valve opens), a compression wave is propagates through the pipe and when it meets the end of the pipe an expansion wave returns back to the port. Experimentally it has been revealed that the optimum position of the piston when the wave returns is 120o. At this position the exhaust gas can be scavenged from the combustion chamber efficiently. [16] Time = 1200/RPM (360/60) = 120/RPM [16]C:Documents and SettingsPulsaraDesktopFYP RESEARCHfluid0{image4}.gif Graphs were plotted using these formulae A detailed calculation also considering the valve timing of Honda GX35 could be found under detailed calculations (5.2) Figure 8.0: Intake pipe length vs. engine RPM at different temperatures (Tabulated results in table 6.2 in appendix D) Figure 8.1: Exhaust pipe length vs. engine RPM at different temperatures (Tabulated results in table 6.3 in appendix D) 5.2 Optimum pipe length calculations in detail 5.2.1 Intake pipe length considering valve timing Intake valve opens at 10o before top dead centre (BTDC) and intake valve closes at 57o after bottom dead centre (ABDC). [18] Duration of 247o , [18] Intake valve opens once every two revolutions. Therefore (360 x 2 247) o = 473o After closing, the intake valve would open again after 473 crank angle degrees 473o = Speed of sound at an intake temperature of 30oC Ratio of specific heat, ÃŽÂ ³ = 1.4 at 30oC Distance travelled is two times the pipe length, Therefore, The optimum pipe length for GX35 engine to run at 5100 RPM is 2.705 m Due to the space constraint of the engine compartment pipe length can be shortened by a factor of four, making it 0.677 m in length. By this method, the wave would travel up and down the pipe four times before the intake valve opens again. Although the effectiveness would be less, it would still arrive at the correct time to force more air into the cylinder. Using this result a custom intake pipe was designed with a length of approximately 0.5 m leaving the remaining 0.177 m for intake runners, carburetor, etc 5.2.2 Exhaust pipe length using valve timing There are various methods and theories used for calculating the exhaust pipe length. The intake and exhaust can be treated separately to find the optimum length for each pipe and also both can be treated as one system during valve overlap to gain an added advantage during the overlap period. Method 1 (Considering exhaust system only) The reflected pulse could be set to arrive at the engine just as the exhaust valve starts to open, which would help to expel the exhaust gas without using up excess energy. Exhaust valve opens at 48o before bottom dead centre (BBDC) and exhaust valve closes at 28o after top dead centre (ATDC). [18] Duration of 256o, [18] Port opens/closes once every two revolutions. Therefore, exhaust valve opens 464 crank angle degrees after closing Speed of sound, c at the exhaust will depend on the exhaust temperature Thermodynamic calculations were continued from point 3 (Refer Figure 6.0) in order to calculate the temperature at blow down. , From 3 4 Isentropic expansion This length can be shortened by a factor of four allowing the wave to travel up and down four times before the valve starts to open, which gives 1.163 meters. Method 2 (Considering valve overlap period) If the reflected expansion wave reaches the opened exhaust valve just before closing but after the intake valve opens, the expansion wave will travel across the cylinder (since effective cylinder volume is small near TDC) through the intake port up to the intake atmosphere. This would result in an increased aspiration. Intake/exhaust valve overlap period of 38o Blow down shock wave leaves at 48o BBDC and the expansion wave must be set to return at around18o ATDC. [18] This gives duration of 246o, [18] Exhaust valve opens once every two revolutions. To obtain maximum volumetric efficiency by gaining advantage of the valve overlap period the exhaust pipe should be 2.46 meters in length This can be shortened by a factor of two which would make the wave travel up and down twice before making use of the valve overlap period but this method may not be effective since the exhaust port will be open when the valve returns for the first time. 5.3 Custom parts in the intake/exhaust system Intake pipe This pipe was designed considering the calculation results (figure 2.0) and compartment space Length is approximately 0.5 meters, (CAD drawing in appendix A) Exhaust pipe This was designed considering the calculations (figure 2.1), compartment space and also the Shell Eco-Marathon rule which states that exhaust should be evacuated outside the vehicle but the pipe should not be longer than the body Length is approximately 1.5 meters, (CAD drawings in appendix A) Velocity stack Figure 9.0 Inlet flow [19]This is a pipe with a curved inlet which should be fixed to the end of the intake pipe. This would give a smoother flow of air into the intake pipe which would result in better atomization of fuel in the carburetor. Also this allows the full cross section of the intake pipe to be used whereas without a curved inlet, the flow area would be reduced due to the sharp entry. Therefore the velocity stack helps to aspirate more air into the system. [19] (CAD drawing in appendix A) 5CHAPTER 6.0 FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEM 6.1 Introduction The basic function of this system is to deliver the fuel to the carburetor. In regular vehicles, either mechanical or electric fuel pumps are used to pressurize and drive the fuel into the system. Stock GX35 engine uses gravity to pressurize the fuel when used in lawn mowers. The Shell Eco-Marathon rules state that electric fuel pumps are not allowed. [1] Therefore the possible methods would be: Using a Mechanical fuel pump Using gravity Pressurized fuel delivery system using compressed air 6.2 Selection and design A mechanical pump would have to be powered from the engine output, which would result in an additional load on the engine. This would result in a reduction in specific fuel consumption. The pressure due to height may not be large enough due to the space constraint in the engine compartment if gravity is used. Also, the shell fuel tank could be pressurized up to 5 bar which makes the pressurized system ideal for this application Figure 10.0: PRESSURIZED FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEM LAYOUT Valve to drain the fuel (Shell requirement) Solenoid cut off valve Pressure control valve A 1.5L pop bottle is used to store air at high pressure and air is regulated using a pressure control valve to control the pressure of air entering the fuel tank. This air at high pressure is used to push the fuel through the system. Pressure gauge is positioned close to the fuel tank to indicate the pressure of air entering the fuel tank. An air pump (hand held or foot pump) can be used to pump in air through, the valve stem (No return valve). 1.5 L pop bottles are rated at 72 psi, therefore it is recommended to pump the bottle to approximately 60 psi. 6.3 Advantages of this method No extra load on the engine to drive a mechanical pump Less weight Low cost Also, this is a proven method which has been used in successful endurance vehicles in past competitions. [2] (CAD drawings can be found in appendix A) Figure 10.1: Screenshot from CAD model showing the fuel delivery system CHAPTER 7.0 DRIVE TRAIN 7.1 Introduction The vehicle consists of three wheels, two in front and one at the back. The vehicle was designed to be a rear wheel drive and a chain is used to drive the wheel. Design and selection of transmission system and parts, gear ratio calculations, overall system layout and basic stress analysis is discussed in this chapter. 7.2 Transmission system There were few potential transmission concepts that could be used Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). [26] Derailleur [27] Manual two/three speed gear box Direct drive system [2] CVT is known to be more efficient than a manual gear box but after further review it was found that CVT is less efficient at low speeds. [41] Derailleur system is highly efficient and simple but previous vehicles with this system had problems with the chain slipping out of the sprocket during gear change. [2] Although a manual gear box is well suited for this system, it would add extra weight and also more moving parts results in additional power loss. Therefore a direct drive system with one gear ratio was selected as the most suitable transmission system. Main reasons behind selecting direct drive transmission system Honda GX35 has relatively flat curves for torque, power and fuel consumption. The fuel consumption curve is almost flat from 3000 to 6000 RPM. Therefore the engine can run at a wide range of speeds and still supply adequate power with the same fuel consumption. (Refer figure 3.0) A manual gearbox would add extra weight and benefits of it would be negligible due to the linear performance curves. 7.3 System layout Few drive train system layouts were drawn in order to allocate space for each part. The most suitable layout was selected and modified accordingly. FUEL TANK CLUTCH Figure 11.0: Selected layout (Initial concept layouts in Appendix F) Figure 11.1: Screen shot from CAD model of the propulsion system showing the layout (Overall CAD assembly and exploded drawings in appendix A) 7.4 Gear ratio Since a direct drive system was selected, the drive train would have one fixed gear ratio from engine to rear sprocket. An overall gear ratio of 16:1 was chosen and calculations were carried out to verify that this ratio is suitable for our application. 7.4.1 The torque required at the rear wheel to move vehicle from rest Rolling resistance, Where, = Coefficient of rolling resistance m = Total mass of the vehicle g = Acceleration due to gravity Coefficient of rolling resistance for pneumatic tires on a dry surface can be approximated by the following equation Where, P = Tire Pressure (bars) U = Vehicle velocity (km/h) Overall estimated mass of the vehicle = 140 kg Maximum tire pressure = 85 psi (5.8605 bar) Rear wheel diameter = 0.508 m Torque required to move the vehicle = Rolling resistance x driving wheel radius The efficiency of the drive train w

Love as Joyous Essay

Both Plath and the Metaphysical Poets show love as joyous by suggesting a strong physical intimacy between themselves and their lovers. Donne, known for his hedonistic ways tried to seduce his lady in the poem ‘To his mistress going to bed† by relating her undressing to a holy analogy. â€Å"Hallowed temple†¦ heaven†¦ paradise†¦ Angels† gives a sense of purity about the relationship and emphasises the innocence in that the love they are about to share is purely between them. Along with this, in order to fortify the intimacy felt during love making Donne uses polysemic terms such as â€Å"My mine of precious stones† which not only displays mine as a first person possessive pronoun- perhaps showing pride in the possession he has over his mistress- but also the mine that is her genitals- the new land he is yet to discover. Similarly Plath uses polysemantic terms as a way of showing the exclusivity in her relationships in the poem ‘Ariel , specifically referring to the apparent lesbian affair she had soon after her and Ted Hughes split ‘ – † The child’s cry melts in the wall† not only suggests that when with her alleged lesbian partner she’s free for the burden of motherhood and can just focus on their passion but also that when being in a homosexual relationship the possibilities of conceiving a child are none an therefore there is no-one else to detract from the bond and overwhelming desire that the 2 have for each other. Plath also represents this intimacy by using metaphorical imagery such as â€Å"White Godiva† which indicates the female naked freedom while also subtly protesting against her husband by portraying this great female symbol. Plath also uses imagery to intensify the passion she feels in love making with another woman – † The brown arc of the neck† and † into the red eye† suggest the vagina and feminists would argue that Plath portrays the orgasm as † Foam to the wheat glitter of seas† which exaggerates the intimacy experienced when the 2 are at their most vulnerable naked states. Along with this both Plath and the Metaphysicals display the joyous love by the overwhelming of emotions that it creates. In Donne’s poem † To his Mistress Going To Bed† the whole poem is written in one stanza with its contents being ridden with enjambment â€Å"we easily know By this these Angels from an evil sprite:†. This shows the feelings Donne has as not being able to express them fast enough as, as he’s seducing her, so many emotions are being created – at the foremost frustration and lust. At the time, Donne was known for being debauched and this excitement and unable to contain his feeling emphasises how much he risked in order to sleep with the woman. The use of plosives such as â€Å"Behind before, above, between, below† represent the transactional and heightening strength of the emotion whilst the caesura in the line suggests Donne needs to pause after the words to try and calm himself down from all the overwhelming urges and desires he has for his mistress. As Donne was a child genius and was working in law by the time he was 17 he was popular with the ladies, and so when a woman such as the one he’s addressing in the poem doesn’t succumb to his epicurean ways so easily, his emotions flair and overwhelm him into an almost plea for her to make love with him. Plath also uses linguistic features in portraying the overbearing love and excitement she has for her first child to be born. â€Å"You’re† is a poem written during her pregnancy of her first child Frieda. She uses the phrase â€Å"Vague as fog and looked for like mail† to represent the anticipation and urgency she has to meet her new child. However, this is a homophone and mail could also mean â€Å"male† as in the absence of her husband Ted Hughes who was rarely around. At the time she was having relationship issues with Ted and building a new everlasting love bond with her new child and so the conflict in positive and negative emotions at the time would have certainly been overwhelming. The fog in this phrase represents the uncertainty and space between the mother and the gestating baby which may also be ironic of the disbelief she has that she can love a person so much without having met them yet. Finally both the metaphysical poets and Plath display love as joyous by seeing it as an opportunity for a new start. Donne sees this new start being one as starting from the pure naked state in the relationship – † to enter in these bonds is to be free† is an oxymoron as the bond of marriage incarcerates two people in a relationship eternally. However Donne is expressing that by having this new start of marriage they will have a sense of freedom and self completion making love even more joyous. Whether Donne actually meant to marry the woman is questionable, after his strong womanising reputation however if he is then the new start he would have in actually committing himself in a marriage shows the strength of the love he feels. Plath, in â€Å"Ariel† sees the birth of her first child as a new start for herself. The metaphor of the last 2 lines â€Å"Right, like a well-done sum. A clean slate, with your own face on† shows the positivity she already sees in this new being â€Å"well-done sum† and â€Å"clean slate†. At the time she was going through hardships in her marriage with Ted Hughes and so the new child could be a source for a new start of optimistic love and a positive source to project happiness onto. The compound words in â€Å"Thumbs-down on the dodo’s mode. † Represents the new life and thus new beginning Plath will receive from the new baby whilst the assonance of the ‘o’ sound fortifies this by showing certainty and stability she sees in that this undoubtedly will give her the release and new start that she’s needed for so long

Masculinity and It’s Link in the Importance Essay

Victorian ideas of masculinity. The concept of Victorian masculinity is a diverse one since it was influenced by numerous aspects and factors such as domesticity, economy, gender roles, imperialism, manners, religion and much more. Some of these aspects seem to be quite naturally related to one another, while others seem none-relational. For the males, this included a vast amount of pride in their work, protectiveness over their wives, and an aptitude for good social behaviour. The Victorians saw manliness as good, a form of control over maleness, which was brutish. Christianity contributed much to the Victorian concept of masculinity. The real Victorian man was to be spiritual and a faithful believer. The husband and father was considered to be the head of the household, but his duty was to rule. Victorian men were not only competing for respect within their own sex, but they needed to impress the women too. If they were not married, it depicted that they were not fully masculine because they did not have a family to support. Supporting a family was a sign of true success within the male sex. In the text so far Oscar Wilde shows Earnest/Jacks eagerness as a sign he could trying to assert his masculinity because that is what Victorian society is so judgemental. Prescribing the notion that women were born to dream of marriage, Cecily and Gwendolyn, from The Importance of Being Earnest, are caught up in the fantasies of the perfect marriage to the perfect earnest husband. Cecily and Gwendolyn are fixated on the name Earnest, almost as if it were an obsession; it is the ideal name for their future husbands. They are determined not to marry a man unless he is called Earnest because they believe a man with this name will automatically live up to the name’s expectations of being serious, honourable, and moral. In Wilde’s play, he comically satirizes the name â€Å"Earnest,† through the portrayal of two deceitful men whom the women fantasize as being ideal men worthy of marriage â€Å"My ideal has always been to love some one of the name of Earnest†¦ ’ These two men claim to live up to the Victorian ideals, but then live another life outside of the community to escape the society’s pressures. Henceforth, in the play, the men fall under the pressure of women and Victorian ideals rather than staying true to their identity and personalities. Even when Jack tries to admit his real name, Gwendolyn becomes lost in her ideals of a fantasized husband named Earnest and discourages Jack from confessing his real name. She uses the knowledge that she has learned from the Victorian society to judge whether someone by the name of â€Å"John† or â€Å"Jack† would be a suitable husband for her, and in doing so, she manipulates Jack into hiding his identity out of fear of losing Gwendolyn. He believes the only way Gwendolyn will accept him is to say his name is Earnest.